Vertical axis wind turbine system with one or more independent electric power generation units

ABSTRACT

A vertical axis wind turbine system having a vertical mast with one or more turbine units supported thereon. The turbine units are of modular construction for assembly around the foot of the mast; are vertically moveable along the height of the mast by a winch system; and are selectively interlocking with the mast to fix the turbine units in parked positions. The turbine system and each turbine unit includes a network of portals and interior rooms for the passage of personnel through the system, including each turbine unit. The electrical generators, and other sub-components, in the turbine units are of modular construction that permits the selective removal and replacement of component segments, including the transport of component segments through the portals and interior rooms of the turbine system while the turbine units remain supported on the mast. The electrical generators are also selectively convertible between AC generators and DC generators.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/479,256 (U.S. Pre-Grant Publication 2015/0069759), filed Sep. 5,2014; which claims priority of U.S. provisional application 61/874,561,filed Sep. 6, 2013; the entire contents of each of which areincorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the electric power generation industry.In particular, the present invention relates to a vertical axis windturbine system having one or more independent turbine units forcapturing and converting kinetic energy of wind into electric power viadirect drive generators.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Windmills, and rotating turbines generally, have been used for grindinggrain; pumping water; and, beginning in the twentieth century, as windturbines to convert kinetic energy of wind into electric power.Traditionally, wind turbines used to generate electricity from wind arehorizontal axis turbines with aerodynamic blades radially arrangedaround a horizontal axis and fixed to an axle mounted at the top of avertical mast.

Over the years since their introduction, the size and capacity ofhorizontal axis wind turbines have increased in order to generate morepower from a single mast, thus seeking economies of scale to reduce thecost of electricity produced over their lifetimes. The additional powerproduced by a larger horizontal axis wind turbine requires a generatorof larger capacity that, with currently deployed generator technologies,results in a proportionally larger and heavier generator. Consequently,a significant increase in the capacity of the horizontal axis windturbine requires that its components be significantly larger and bebuilt to withstand significantly larger loads. For example, an increasein the size of the generator necessitates an increase in the length andoverall dimensions of the entire blade structure to accommodate both theadditional weight and the incremental forces to which the blade will besubjected. However, the blade length of horizontal axis wind turbineshas practical limits. Also, increasing the length of the blades makesthem more complex and expensive to manufacture as well as to transport,especially in the case of offshore assemblies which will require largeseagoing cranes for installation, maintenance and retrofitting of thegenerator.

Increases to the size of wind turbine generators will also complicatethe assembly of those generators. At present, conventional generatorsrequire that the wind turbine components be lifted by cranes forplacement and securement to a vertical mast via the peak of the mast.This is the case in both horizontal axis turbines, where the windturbine sits at the peak of the mast, and vertical axis wind turbines,where the wind turbine is lifted above the mast peak and then lowereddown to insert the mast peak through an opening in the wind turbine. Assuch, in either axis type, increases in generators size will requireever larger cranes and lifting equipment to raise the wind turbine unitsfor mounting to the mast via the mast peak.

Increases in generator size also introduce further complicationsconcerning component failure and maintenance. Larger generators willgenerally require more components and practically all components of awind turbine constitute a single point of potential operational failure.That is, if one component in the turbine fails, the entire turbineceases to generate electricity. The chances of component failure areenhanced when the wind turbine is exposed to environmental conditionsprone to icing. Even in the absence of component failure, largergenerators with more surface area for ice accumulation will presentincreased maintenance concerns. The accumulation of ice on the bladesdecreases aerodynamic efficiency and consequently the turbine's powerconversion capacity. Excessive ice accumulation can also lead to dynamicloads greater than those tolerable according to design specificationsrequiring the operator, in these cases, to stop the turbine in order toprevent damage.

Accordingly, there remains a need in the art for a turbine system of arobust construction that can generate greater magnitudes of electricalpower while also withstanding the increased stresses that accompany theincreased output. There is also a need for a turbine system thatfacilitates accessibility, maintenance, and replacement of individualcomponents—and does so without requiring a shutdown of the system whilemaintenance and repairs are underway, such that the system may continuegenerating electric power, even if at a lower generation capacity. Thereis also a need for a turbine system that may be assembled withcommercial construction equipment—especially in offshore applications,such that there may be avoided any need for large seagoing cranes ofconsiderable expense. There is also a need for a system that inhibitsexcessive ice accumulation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Disclosed herein is a vertical axis wind turbine system having avertical mast with one or more turbine units supported thereon, theturbine units each including a carousel-carrier and a carousel rotatablysupported on the carousel-carrier. A vertical channel extends through aradial center of the carousel-carrier for reception of the verticalmast, and a vertical channel extends through a radial center of thecarousel for reception of the carousel-carrier. The carousel includes acarousel-hub, a pair of carousel arms extending from the carousel-hub,and a carousel blade extending between the pair of carousel arms.

Each turbine unit in the turbine system is a modular turbine unit thatis an assembly of multiple turbine segments, the turbine segments beingcircumferential segments that releasably couple to adjacent turbinesegments. The carousel-carrier in each turbine unit is a modularcarousel-carrier that is an assembly of multiple carouse-carriersegments, the carousel-carrier segments being circumferential segmentsthat releasably couple to adjacent carousel-carrier segments. Thecarousel in each turbine unit is also a modular carousel that is anassembly of multiple carousel segments, the carousel segments beingcircumferential segments that releasably couple to adjacent carouselsegments.

Within each turbine unit, at the carousel-carrier, is one or moreelectrical generator stators received within corresponding statorhousings. The stators are composed of circumferential segments that areeach individually received in a releasable fashion within the statorhousing. The stator is segmented with a form factor of three, in thatthe number of stator segments is a factor of three.

The stator housing includes electrical connections for mating withpre-wired stator segments, including electrical connections for matingwith stator segments pre-wired for generating alternating electricalcurrent and electrical connections for mating with stator segmentspre-wired for generating direct electrical current. In this way, thestator housing may selectively receive either AC wired stator segmentsor DC wired stator segments; and may selectively be switched between ACwired stator segments and DC wired stator segments.

Winches at the mast roof join with winch couplers on each of the turbineunits for suspending and moving the turbine units along the verticalheight of the mast. The mast has a number of vertical tracks and eachturbine unit includes a number of movement mechanisms that ride alongthe vertical tracks on the mast as they move vertically along the mast.When two or more turbine units are supported on the mast, winch cablesextending from the mast roof will pass through winch channels in higherturbine units to join with winch couplers on lower turbine units.

Each turbine unit includes load supporting and interlocking mechanismsfor selectively interlocking the turbine unit with the mast to securethe turbine unit in a locked position fixing it against verticalmovement along the mast. Each turbine unit also includes electricalcommunications mechanisms for selectively establishing an electricalcommunication between the mast and the turbine unit; and furtherincludes vertical interlocking mechanisms for selectively interlockingvertically adjacent turbine units with one another.

The mast of the turbine system has one or more elevator shafts extendingvertically therethrough and communicating with a number of portals alongthe external surface of the mast. Each turbine unit has a number ofportals at the vertical channel of the carousel-carrier for aligningwith the portals along the external surface of the mast to grant accessand passage to interior rooms within the carousel-carrier. One or moreportals at a radial outer surface the carousel-carrier align with one ormore portals at the vertical channel of the carousel-hub to grant accessand passage from interior rooms of the carousel-carrier to interiorrooms of the carousel-hub. One or more portals at the radial outersurface the carousel-hub grant access and passage from interior rooms ofthe carousel-hub to interior rooms of the carousel arms.

The turbine unit includes a carousel braking mechanism and a carouselrotation mechanism. The carousel rotation mechanism may incrementallyrotate the carousel around the carousel-carrier, while the carouselbraking mechanism brakes the carousel against uncontrolled rotation fromwind flow forces. The carousel braking and rotation mechanisms may beoperated together to align portals in the carousel-hub with portals onthe carousel-carrier, and maintain such alignment as desired.

The stator segments, as well as the segments of other cylindricalsub-components within the turbine units, are sufficiently sized forpassage through the interior rooms and portals of the mast and turbineunit, such that individual stator segments (or other sub-componentsegments) may be selectively inserted and removed in the turbine systemwhile the turbine unit remains supported on the mast.

The turbine units in the turbine system may be assembled by aligning anumber of turbine segments around the foot of the mast; moving theindividual turbine segments into engagement with one another; andjoining adjacent turbine segments together at their circumferentialedges with a number of coupling mechanisms. Assembly of a turbine unitin this manner simultaneously mounts the turbine unit to the mast, afterwhich the winches at the mast roof may be coupled with the winchcouplers of the turbine unit and the turbine unit lifted along thevertical height of the mast.

Both the foregoing general description and the following detaileddescription are exemplary and explanatory only and are intended toprovide further explanation of the invention as claimed. Theaccompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding ofthe invention; are incorporated in and constitute part of thisspecification; illustrate embodiments of the invention; and, togetherwith the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further features and advantages of the invention can be ascertained fromthe following detailed description that is provided in connection withthe drawings described below:

FIG. 1 shows a turbine system according to one embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 2 shows a turbine unit of the turbine system in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 shows a mast base of the turbine system in FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 shows an exterior view of a mast roof of the turbine system inFIG. 1;

FIG. 5 shows a length of the mast of the turbine system in FIG. 1;

FIG. 6 shows a cross-sectional view of a mast roof of the turbine systemin FIG. 1;

FIG. 7 shows a carousel-carrier of a turbine unit of the turbine systemin FIG. 1;

FIG. 8 shows two turbine segments joined to the mast of the turbinesystem in FIG. 1, and a third turbine segment detached from the mast;

FIG. 9 shows an upper compartment of the turbine segment in FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 shows a lower compartment of the turbine segment in FIG. 8;

FIG. 11 shows load supporting and electrical communications mechanismsof the turbine system in FIG. 1;

FIG. 12 shows the load supporting and electrical communicationsmechanisms of FIG. 11, as arranged at a lower compartment of the turbinesegment in FIG. 8;

FIG. 13 shows an external view of an upper compartment of an assembledcarouse-carrier in the turbine system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 14 shows an external view of a lower compartment of an assembledcarouse-carrier in the turbine system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 15A shows a perspective view of a segment of the upper compartmentof the carousel-carrier in FIG. 13;

FIG. 15B shows a perspective view of a segment of an upper compartmentof a carousel-hub that mates with the segment of the upper compartmentof the carousel-carrier in FIG. 15A;

FIG. 16 shows a carousel-carrier segment of the turbine system in FIG.1, and a mating carousel-hub segment;

FIG. 17 shows an assembled carousel-hub supported on an assembledcarousel-carrier of the turbine system in FIG. 1;

FIG. 18 shows a carousel-carrier segment joined to the mast of theturbine system in FIG. 1;

FIG. 19 shows an exploded view of the carousel arms in a turbine segmentjoined to the mast of the turbine system in FIG. 1;

FIG. 20 shows a cross-sectional view of the carousel arms in a turbineunit of the turbine system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 21 shows a cross-sectional view of a blade coupler in FIG. 20;

FIG. 22 shows a perspective view of a blade coupler in FIG. 20;

FIG. 23 shows an exploded view of a blade coupler in FIG. 20;

FIG. 24 shows deicing systems extending along a carousel arm andcarousel blade of the turbine system in FIG. 1;

FIG. 25 shows an electrical system of the turbine system in FIG. 1;

FIG. 26 shows a modular design for the turbine units in the turbinesystem of FIG. 1;

FIG. 27 shows cylindrical sub-components in a carousel-carrier with themodular design of FIG. 26;

FIG. 28 shows cylindrical sub-components in a carousel-hub with themodular design of FIG. 26;

FIG. 29 shows a stator housing in the turbine system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 30 shows an exploded view of a turbine segment in the turbine unitof FIG. 2;

FIG. 31 shows a cross-sectional view of a turbine segment in the turbineunit of FIG. 2;

FIG. 32 shows a first floor plan of a turbine unit in the turbine systemof FIG. 1, as seen in a top plan view at line a-a;

FIG. 33 shows a second floor plan of a turbine unit in the turbinesystem of FIG. 1, as seen in a top plan view at line b-b;

FIG. 34 shows a third floor plan of a turbine unit in the turbine systemof FIG. 1, as seen in a top plan view at line c-c;

FIG. 35 shows a fourth floor plan of a turbine unit in the turbinesystem of FIG. 1, as seen in a top plan view at line d-d;

FIG. 36A shows the turbine system of FIG. 1 with a single turbine unit;

FIG. 36B shows the turbine system of FIG. 1 with two turbine units;

FIG. 36C shows the turbine system of FIG. 1 three turbine units;

FIG. 37A shows the turbine system of FIG. 1 with three elevated turbineunits and one lowered turbine unit;

FIG. 37B shows the turbine system of FIG. 1 with one elevated turbineunit and three lowered turbine units;

FIG. 38 shows winches at the mast roof of the turbine system in FIG. 1;

FIG. 39 shows three turbine units suspended by the winches in FIG. 38;

FIG. 40 shows a sectional view of a turbine unit with winch cables ofthe winches in FIG. 38 passing therethrough;

FIG. 41 shows a schematic of alternating alignments for carousel bladesin the turbine system of FIG. 1; and

FIG. 42 shows vertical interlocking mechanisms between three adjacentturbine units in the turbine system of FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following disclosure discusses the present invention with referenceto the examples shown in the accompanying drawings, though does notlimit the invention to those examples.

As shown by the example of FIG. 1, the present invention relates to avertical axis wind turbine system 1 having one or more independentturbine units 200 arranged along a vertical mast 100. The individualturbine units 200 act independently to capture and convert the kineticenergy of the wind into electric power via direct drive electricalgenerators 230. Construction and maintenance of the wind turbine system1 is facilitated by the individual turbine units 200, such as that shownin FIG. 2, being composed, primarily, of a carousel-carrier 300 and acarousel 400 that are both of modular constructions that facilitateassembly of multiple turbine segments 201 that may be joined to assemblea turbine unit 200 at the foot of the mast 100.

The carousel-carrier 300 of a turbine unit 200 is itself of a modularconstruction in that it is formed from multiple arc-shapedcircumferential segments 301 that join together to yield a fullyassembled carousel-carrier 300. Within the carousel-carrier 300 there ishoused one or more generator stators 235. In an assembled state, thecarousel-carrier 300 serves as both a supporting and elevating unit fora corresponding carousel 400, and the stationary portion of a directdrive electrical generating unit.

The carousel 400 of a turbine unit 200 is inclusive of a carousel-hub500, a number of carousel arms 600, and a number of blades 800. Thecarousel-hub 500 is modular, in that it is formed from multiplearc-shaped circumferential segments 501 that join together to yield afully assembled carousel-hub 500. Within the carousel-hub 500 there issupported one or more generator rotors 260, which rotate at a one-to-oneratio with the carousel 400. Along a radially outer surface of thecarousel-hub 500 there are a number of arm sockets 550 for joining withproximal ends 605 of carousel arms 600 arranged in pairs of upper andlower arms 600A/600B and extending radially outward from thecarousel-hub 500. Distal ends 630A/630B of the upper and lower carouselarms 600A/600B are joined to one another by a carousel blade 800. In anassembled state, when supported by a carousel-carrier 300, the carousel400 serves as a wind capture unit, as well as a rotating portion of adirect electrical generating unit.

As each carousel-carrier 300 is inclusive of at least one direct drivestator 235 and each carousel 400 is inclusive of at least one directdrive rotation rotor 260, each individual turbine unit 200 is itselfinclusive of at least one direct drive electrical generator 230—suchthat each individual turbine unit 200 is operational as a direct driveelectrical generating unit. In this way, each individual turbine unit200 may independently generate electrical power regardless of thepresence and/or operating state of any other turbine units 200 along themast 100.

Vertical Mast

As shown by FIGS. 3-4, the mast 100 extends vertically from a mast base105 and culminates with a mast roof 110. The mast base 105 may includean anchoring system for securing the mast 100 to a base-structure 2,such as an onshore foundation; an offshore platform; an offshorefloating vessel; or an offshore submerged and tethered buoyantstructure. The mast base 105 and/or the base-structure 2 may house powerdistribution, power storage, and ancillary power and/or other supportsystems.

The mast 100 is of a rigid or semi-rigid construction. A semi-rigidconstruction being one that is of sufficient rigidity to fully supportthe mast 100, and the components carried thereon (and therein), thoughalso being of ample elasticity to compensate for stresses incurred fromwind forces and the movement of the turbine units 200 on the mast 100.As shown in FIG. 5, the external surface of the mast 100 has a polygonalcross-section (in a horizontal plane extending transverse to a verticalmajor axis) with a series of vertical tracks 115 extending upward alongan outer surface thereof. Along the height of the mast 100 there arearranged a number of load supporting mechanisms 125; a number ofelectrical communications mechanisms 130; and a number of portals 120.

The load supporting mechanisms 125 along the exterior surface of themast 100 mate with load supporting mechanisms 310 on thecarousel-carrier 300 (as in FIGS. 11-12) for securing thecarousel-carrier 300 at a position along the mast 100, and fixing itagainst vertical motion along the mast 100 while so secured. In theexample shown in FIG. 5, the load supporting mechanisms 125 along theexternal surface of the mast 100 are cavities 125 opening at the surfaceand extending into an interior of the mast 100 for mating with loadsupporting mechanisms 310 provided on the carousel-carriers 300 in theform of horizontal beams 310 that are horizontally movable for insertionin the cavities 125.

In general, references to electrical communications mechanisms of theturbine system 1 apply to arrangements for both electric powertransmission and signal transmission. As such, unless otherwise stated,discussions of electrical communications mechanisms used for powertransmission are also applicable to signal transmission and vice versa.

The electrical communications mechanisms 130 along the exterior surfaceof the mast 100 mate with electrical communications mechanisms 315 onthe carousel-carrier 300 for establishing an electrical communicationbetween the mast 100 and the carousel-carrier 300. Together, theelectrical communications mechanisms 130/315 establish a male-female,insertion-type electrical joint, wherein the electrical communicationsmechanisms 130 along the external surface of the mast 100 are electricalsockets 130 opening at the surface and extending into an interior of themast 100 for mating with electrical communications mechanisms 315provided on the carousel-carriers 300 in the form of electrical plugs315 that are movable for insertion in the electrical sockets 130. Insome examples, such as that shown in FIG. 5, the electricalcommunications mechanisms 130/315 may be integral with the loadsupporting mechanisms 125/310. For example, when the load supportingmechanisms 125/310 are cavities 125 and horizontal beams 310, theelectrical sockets 130 may be positioned within the cavities 125 and theelectrical plugs 315 may protrude from the horizontal beams 310.

As shown in the example in FIG. 5, three elevator shafts 135A/135B/135Cmay extend vertically through the mast 100, each carrying an elevator136 for the transportation of personnel and equipment vertically alongthe mast 100. The elevators 136 are hoisted by elevator cables 137communicating with elevator motors at either the mast base 105 or themast roof 110; and ride along elevator rails 138. The elevator shafts135 communicate directly with the portals 120 along the external surfaceof the mast 100 so as to enable passage of personnel and equipment fromthe elevator 136 to regions external of the mast 100 (e.g., a turbineunit 200). However, the elevator shafts 135 need not open directly tothe portals 120, and there may instead be one or more interior roomsbetween the elevator shafts 135 and the portals 120 along the externalsurface of the mast 100. Such interior rooms may house operationssystems, or serve simply as walkways between the elevator shafts 135 andthe exterior portals 120.

As seen in FIG. 5, a mast core 165 extending vertically at the center ofthe mast 100 may house one or more stairwells spanning the verticalheight of the mast 100. The mast core 165 may be connected to the mast100 at multiple points along its length by means of three structures,arranged at 120° from one another, with internal passageways thatcommunicate the stairwells spanning the vertical height of the mast 100,through portals, with interior rooms of the mast 100 and with interiorrooms of the carousel-carrier 300, through which personnel may pass. Atthe bottom position of the mast 100, the stairwells of the mast core 165may communicate through portals with interior rooms at the mast base105, through which personnel may pass. At the top position of the mast100, the stairwells of the mast core 165 may communicate through portalswith interior rooms at the mast roof 110, through which personnel maypass.

At the bottom position of the mast 100, the elevator shafts 135 maycommunicate through portals with interior rooms at the mast base 105,through which personnel and equipment may pass. At the top position ofthe mast 100, the elevator shafts 135 may communicate with interiorrooms at the mast roof 110, through which personnel and equipment maypass to gain access to the mast roof 110. In some examples, such as thatshown in FIG. 4, the elevator shafts 135 may also communicate with anelevator gate 139 that opens directly to the mast roof 110. As seen inFIG. 6, the mast roof 110 includes a number of winches 150 for raisingand lowering turbine units 200 vertically along the mast 100. The mastroof 110 may also include a weather station 160 for monitoring weatherpatterns and environmental conditions in the region of the turbinesystem 1; and providing real-time data to a data acquisition andmonitoring subsystem for monitoring weather patterns and environmentalconditions to coordinate operation of the turbine system 1 and theturbine units 200.

The mast roof 110 may optionally include additional component handlingsystems. For example, one or more jib cranes may be mounted at an upperend of the mast 100 or on the mast roof 110 for assisting in assembling,maintaining and replacing individual components, assemblies, andsubassemblies of the turbine system 1. In some examples, the mast roof110 may have a circular surface, and there may be two radially offsetjib cranes mounted at the mast roof 110 that are moveable for stowingwhen not in use.

Carousel-Carrier

As the supporting and elevating component of the turbine unit 200, thecarousel-carrier 300 rotatably supports a carousel 400 and is moveablevertically along the mast 100 via winch cables 151 extending from thewinches 150 at the mast roof 110 for changing the elevation of thecarousel-carrier 300 (and the turbine unit 200 as a whole) along thevertical height of the mast 100.

The carousel-carrier 300 has a generally cylindrically symmetricstructure. As seen in the example of FIGS. 7-10, the carousel-carrier300 includes an upper compartment 330A with interior rooms 331A-334Atherein; a lower compartment 330B with interior rooms 331B-334B therein;and an intermediate section 340 extending between the upper and lowercompartments 330A/330B. In the example shown in FIGS. 7-8, theintermediate section 340 isolates the upper and lower compartments330A/330B, as well as the interior rooms 331A-334A and 331B-334B in thetwo compartments. In other examples, the intermediate section 340 mayinclude a passageway (e.g., a ladder or stairwell) permitting passagebetween interior rooms of the upper and lower compartments 330A/330B. Avertical channel 305 extends entirely through a radial center of thecarousel-carrier 300, from a bottom surface to a top surface; and atleast one peripheral channel 345 extends circumferentially around aradial outer surface of the carousel-carrier 300. In the example ofFIGS. 7-10, there are two peripheral channels 345A/345B; one at theupper compartment 330A and one at the lower compartment 330B.

As shown in FIGS. 7-10, the carousel-carrier 300 has a commonconfiguration at the upper and lower ends. As such, unless otherwisestated, discussions of components at the top of the carousel-carrier 300are also applicable to those common components at the bottom of thecarousel-carrier 300, and vice versa.

The vertical channel 305, at the radial center of the carousel-carrier300, has a polygonal cross-section (in the horizontal plane)corresponding with the polygonal cross-section of the outer surface ofthe mast 100. As shown in FIGS. 8-10, at a surface of the verticalchannel 305 there are arranged: a number of portals 320; a number ofmovement mechanisms 325; a number of load supporting mechanisms 310; anda number of electrical communications mechanisms 315.

The portals 320 at the vertical channel 305 of the carousel-carrier 300permit passage into the interior rooms 331-334 of the upper and lowercompartments 330, and are positioned for alignment and communicationwith the portals 120 along the exterior surface of the mast 100. In thisway, when aligned with the portals 120 along the surface of the mast100, the portals 320 in the vertical channel 305 permit the passage ofpersonnel and equipment from the elevator shaft 135 to the interiorrooms 331-334 in the upper and lower compartments 330.

In the example shown in FIG. 9, the movement mechanisms 325 at thevertical channel 305 of the carousel-carrier 300 are cylindrical rollers325 mounted on roller axles 327 having a longitudinal length extendingin the horizontal direction, such that the cylindrical rollersthemselves are horizontally aligned. FIG. 9 shows an example withmultiple circular series of cylindrical rollers 325 extendingcircumferentially along the vertical channel 305, however in otherexamples there may be only a single circular series of the cylindricalrollers 325. The horizontally aligned cylindrical rollers 325 arepositioned for alignment and engagement with the vertical tracks 115extending up the external surface of the mast 100. As shown in FIG. 9,the cylindrical rollers 325 may include multiple cylindrical rollersegments 326 (e.g., two, three, four or more segments) received on acommon roller axle 327, with each roller segment 326 having a common andconstant diameter. In other examples, the cylindrical rollers 325 mayeach be formed of a single integral roller body. Alignment andengagement of the cylindrical rollers 325 with the vertical tracks 115on the mast 100 facilitates a rolling movement of the carousel-carrier300 along the mast 100 as it is raised and lowered by the winches 150 atthe mast roof 110. In order to dampen the transmission of vibrationsfrom the carousel-carrier 300 to the mast 100, the roller axles 327 maybe secured to the carousel-carrier 300 by flexible anti-vibrationmountings that serve as vibration dampers. The corresponding polygonalshapes of the mast 100 and the vertical channel 305 in thecarousel-carrier 300 further promote a stable linear vertical movementof the carousel-carrier 300 by inhibiting rotation of thecarousel-carrier 300 around the mast 100.

The load supporting mechanisms 310 exposed at the vertical channel 305of the carousel-carrier 300 mate with the load supporting mechanisms 125along the external surface of the mast 100 for securing thecarousel-carrier 300 at a position along the mast 100, and fixing itagainst vertical motion along the mast 100 while so secured. In theexample shown in FIGS. 11-12, the load supporting mechanisms 310 alongthe vertical channel 305 of the carousel-carrier 300 are horizontalbeams 310 that are horizontally movable for insertion in the loadsupporting mechanisms 125 provided along the external surface of themast 100 in the form of cavities 125 opening at the surface andextending into an interior of the mast 100. As shown in FIG. 6, movementof the horizontal beams 310 is controlled by a motorized pinion systemin the carousel-carrier 300 that includes a pinion meshed with a rackgear fixed to an end of the horizontal beam 310.

The electrical communications mechanisms 315 exposed at the verticalchannel 305 of the carousel-carrier 300 mate with the electricalcommunications mechanisms 130 on the external surface of the mast 100for establishing an electrical communication between thecarousel-carrier 300 and the mast 100. Together, the electricalcommunications mechanisms 315/130 establish a male-female,insertion-type electrical joint wherein the electrical communicationsmechanisms 315 at the vertical channel 305 of the carousel-carrier 300are electrical plugs 315 that mate with the electrical communicationsmechanisms 130 provided on the mast 100 in the form of electricalsockets 130. The electrical plugs 315 may be made horizontally movablefor insertion in the electrical sockets 130 by a motorized pinion systemin the carousel-carrier 300 that includes a pinion meshed with a rackgear fixed to an end of the electrical plug 315. In some examples, theelectrical communications mechanisms 130/315 may be integral with theload supporting mechanisms 125/310. For example, when the loadsupporting mechanisms 125/310 are cavities 125 and horizontal beams 310,the electrical sockets 130 may be positioned within the cavities 125 andthe electrical plugs 315 may protrude from the horizontal beams 310.

As shown in FIGS. 13-14, the peripheral channel 345 at the radial outersurface of the carousel-carrier 300 has a circular shape, extendscircumferentially around the carousel-carrier 300, and has exposed alongsurfaces therein: a surface of a generator stator 235; a number ofportals 395; a number of movement mechanisms 350/355/360; a carouselrotation mechanism 365; a number of braking mechanisms 370; and a numberof electrical communications mechanisms 375.

The individual elements exposed at the peripheral channel 345 may beexposed at multiple surfaces thereof. For example, the movementmechanisms 350/355/360 may be arranged in a number of series alongmultiple surfaces in the peripheral channel 345, which may include: aseries of movement mechanisms 350 along a top annular surface 346; aseries of movement mechanisms 355 along a bottom annular surface 347;and/or a series of movement mechanisms 360 along an intermediate annularsurface 348.

As seen in FIGS. 10-11, a generator stator 235 is stored in a statorhousing 240 within an interior room 333 of the compartments 330 in thecarousel-carrier 300, with a surface of the stator 235 exposed at theperipheral channel 345 for exposure to a corresponding generator rotor260 in a carousel-hub 500. The stator 235 communicates with electricalcommunications mechanisms 315 arranged at the vertical channel 305 fordelivering generated electrical energy to energy management systems atthe mast base 105 and/or the base-structure 2. There is at least onestator 235 stored in each compartment 330 of the carousel-carrier 300.

The portals 395 at the peripheral channel 345 of the carousel-carrier300 enable passage of personnel and equipment from at least interiorrooms 332-333 of the carousel-carrier 300 to regions external of thecarousel-carrier 300 (e.g., a carousel 400).

In the example shown in FIG. 10, there are two types of movementmechanisms—cylindrical rollers 360 arranged in one or more circularrings at the intermediate annular surface 348 of the peripheral channel345; and conical rollers 350/355 arranged in one or more radiallyconcentric rings at the top and bottom annular surfaces 346/347 of theperipheral channel 345.

The cylindrical rollers 360 are mounted on roller axles 362 havinglongitudinal lengths extending in the vertical direction, such that thecylindrical rollers 360 are vertically aligned. FIGS. 13-14 show anexample with multiple circular series of cylindrical rollers 360extending circumferentially along the intermediate annular surface 348of the peripheral channel 345, however in other examples there may beonly a single circular series of the cylindrical rollers 360. Thecylindrical rollers 360 are positioned to align and engage withcorresponding circular tracks 517 at an intermediate annular surface 508of a carousel-hub 500 supported on the carousel-carrier 300. As shown inFIG. 10, the cylindrical rollers 360 may include multiple cylindricalroller segments 361 (e.g., two, three, four or more segments) receivedon a common roller axle 362, with each roller segment 361 having acommon and constant diameter. In other examples, the cylindrical rollers360 may each be formed of a single integral roller body.

The conical rollers 350/355 in the example of FIG. 10 are mounted onroller axles 352/357 having longitudinal lengths extending radially awayfrom the radial center of the carousel-carrier 300, and at an angle βrelative to the horizontal plane, such that the roller axle 352/357either ascends (e.g., at the top annular surface 346) or descends (e.g.,at the bottom annular surface 347) relative to the horizontal plane asit extends radially outward. The roller axles 352/357, with the conicalrollers 350/355 thereon, are mounted inside circular roller platforms353/358 that extend circumferentially around the top and bottom annularsurfaces 346/347 of the peripheral channel 345. There may be multiplecircular roller platforms 353/358 arranged in radially concentric ringsalong both the top and bottom annular surfaces 346/347 of the peripheralchannel 345 (as in FIGS. 10-11), or there may be only a single circularroller platform 353/358 extending circumferentially along the top andbottom annular surfaces 346/347 of the peripheral channel 345. Eachcircular roller platform 353/358 is composed of multiple arc-shapedroller platform segments 354/359 (as may be seen in FIG. 27), with eachsegment including one or more conical rollers 350/355 and beingreleasably fastened to one another to form a fully assembled circularroller platform 353/358 carrying the conical rollers 350/355. Theconical rollers 350/355 are positioned to align and engage with circulartracks 515/516 at top and bottom annular surfaces 506/507 of acarousel-hub 500 supported on the carousel-carrier 300. The horizontalangle β of the roller axle 352/357 and the taper of the conical roller350/355 complement one another such that an outer surface of the conicalroller 350/355 lies substantially flat against the engaging surface in acorresponding circular track 506/507 on the carousel-hub 500, alongsubstantially the entire length of the conical roller 350/355. As shownin FIG. 10, the conical rollers 350/355 may include multiple taperedroller segments 351/356 (e.g., two, three, four or more segments)received on a common roller axle 352/357, with roller segments 351/356positioned further radially inward having relatively lesser diametersand roller segments 351/356 positioned further radially outward havingrelatively greater diameters. In other examples, the individual conicalrollers 350/355 may be formed of a single integral roller body.

Conical rollers are preferred at the top and bottom annular surfaces346/347 of the peripheral channel 345 as the tapered shape of suchrollers accommodates differences in linear velocity at different radiallengths of a rotating carousel-hub 500, and accommodates radial loadsplaced on the rollers (e.g., compressing and elongating stresses appliedagainst the rollers in the radial direction).

In order to dampen the transmission of vibrations from the rotatingcarousel 400 to the carousel-carrier 300, the cylindrical and conicalrollers 360, 350/355 may be supported on the carousel-carrier 300 byflexible anti-vibration mountings that serve as vibration dampers. Insome examples, the flexible anti-vibration mountings may be mountingsbetween the individual roller axles 352/357/362 and the respectiveroller platform 354/359 or the carousel-carrier 300. In other examples,the flexible anti-vibration mountings may be mountings between theroller platform 352/357 and the carousel-carrier 300. In yet otherexamples, there may be a set of flexible anti-vibration mountingsbetween the individual roller axles 352/357 and the respective rollerplatforms 354/359 and a set between the individual roller axles 362 andthe carousel-carrier 300; and a second set of flexible anti-vibrationmountings between the roller platforms 354/359 and the carousel-carrier300.

The carousel rotation mechanism 365 exposed at the peripheral channel345 of the carousel-carrier 300 mates with a carousel rotation mechanism520 on a carousel-hub 500 for controlling rotation of the carousel-hub500 (and the carousel 400 as a whole) around the carousel-carrier 300.The carousel rotation mechanism 365 exposed at the peripheral channel345 of the carousel-carrier 300 may be a pinion 365 of a carouselrotation system housed in at least one of the interior rooms 331-334 ofthe carousel-carrier 300. The carousel rotation system includes at leastone motor, one gearbox, and the pinion 365 that engages and disengagesthe carousel rotation mechanism 520 on the carousel-hub 500. Thecarousel rotation system stored in the carousel-carrier 300 may take theform of a Bendix type system (or similar mechanism), with the pinion 365mating with a corresponding carousel rotation mechanism 520 provided onthe carousel-hub 500 in the form of a crown gear 520 arranged along theinner circumference of the carousel-hub 500. The Bendix type system mayinclude a worm gear transmission or similar mechanical gearing design(e.g., harmonic drive) for the purpose of locking the carousel 400 inposition when the motor is not turning. Rotation control by the carouselrotation system may be used for initiating rotation of a carousel 400 tostart an electrical generation operation of the turbine unit 200;selecting the rotation direction of a carousel 400 in carrying out anelectrical generation operation of the turbine unit 200; and aligningone or more portals 510 exposed at a surface of the carousel-hub 500with one or more portals 395 in the peripheral channel 345 of thecarousel-carrier 300.

The braking mechanisms 370 exposed at the peripheral channel 345 of thecarousel-carrier 300 mate with braking mechanisms 525 on a carousel-hub500 for securing the carousel-hub 500 on the carousel-carrier 300 in amanner to fix the carousel-hub 500 (and the carousel 400 as a whole)against rotation about the carousel-carrier 300 while so secured. In theexample shown in FIGS. 13-14, the braking mechanisms 370 at theperipheral channel 345 of the carousel-carrier 300 are brake calipers370 for mating with a braking mechanism 525 provided on the carousel-hub500 in the form of an annular brake rotor 525—with the brake calipers370 movable to clamp against a surface of the annular brake rotor 525.The brake calipers 370 are arranged within a cavity that extends alongthe intermediate annular surface of the carousel-carrier 300 forreception of the annular brake rotor 525 therein, for clamping withinthe calipers 370 arranged therein.

The electrical communications mechanisms 375 exposed at the peripheralchannel 345 of the carousel-carrier 300 mate with electricalcommunications mechanisms 530 on the carousel-hub 500 for establishingan electrical communication between the carousel-carrier 300 and thecarousel-hub 500. Together, the electrical communications mechanisms375/530 establish a rotating electrical joint, wherein the electricalcommunications mechanisms 375 exposed at the peripheral channel 345 ofthe carousel-carrier 300 present an electrical slip ring 375 for matingwith electrical communications mechanisms 530 provided on thecarousel-hub 500 in the form of slip ring brushes 530. In the slip ringtype electrical joint between the carousel-carrier 300 and thecarousel-hub 500, the slip ring 375 at the carousel-carrier 300 iscomposed of arc-shaped circumferential segments 376 that are releasablyfastened to one another to form a complete slip ring 375. In the slipring type electrical joint between the carousel-carrier 300 and thecarousel-hub 500, the slip ring brushes 530 at the carousel-hub 500rotate about the stationary slip ring 375 at the carousel-carrier 300.

At the upper surface of the carousel-carrier 300 there are arranged anumber of winch coupling mechanisms 380; first openings 386 of a numberof winch channels 385; and a number of vertical interlocking mechanisms390. At the bottom surface of the carousel-carrier 300, there areexposed second openings 387 of a number of winch channels 385; and anumber of vertical interlocking mechanisms 390.

The winch coupling mechanisms 380 exposed at the top surface of thecarousel-carrier 300 mate with winch cables 151 of the winches 150 atthe mast roof 110 for raising and lower the carousel-carrier 300 (andthe turbine unit 200 as a whole) along the vertical height of the mast100.

The winch channels 385 having first openings 386 exposed at the topsurface of the carousel-carrier 300 and second openings 387 exposed atthe bottom surface of the carousel-carrier 300 are positioned anddimensioned for the passage of winch cables 151 through thecarousel-carrier 300 for engaging one or more carousel-carriers 300mounted lower on the mast 100. As shown in the example of FIGS. 39-40,when employing a turbine system 1 using winches 150 at the mast roof 110to raise and lower the turbine units 200, the winch cables 151supporting one or more lower turbine units 200 will pass through thewinch channels 385 in each higher carousel-carrier 300 so as to extendto and couple with winch coupling mechanisms 380 on the carousel-carrier300 of the lower turbine unit 200.

The vertical interlocking mechanisms 390 exposed at the top and bottomsurfaces of the carousel-carrier 300 mate with vertical interlockingmechanisms 390 on the top and bottom surfaces of adjacentcarousel-carriers 300 for securing the two (or more) carousel-carriersto one another. In the example shown in FIG. 42, the verticalinterlocking mechanisms 390 include cavities 391 exposed at top and/orbottom surfaces of the carousel-carriers 300 and vertical beams 392exposed at the bottom and/or top surfaces of the carousel-carriers 300.For example, where cavities 391 are exposed at the bottom surfaces ofcarousel-carriers 300 and vertical beams 392 are exposed at the topsurfaces of carousel-carriers 300, the vertical beams 392 will bevertically movable to extend upward from the top surface of a lowercarousel-carrier 300 and insert into the cavities 391 on the bottomsurface of a higher carousel-carrier 300. In other examples, thevertical beams 392 may be exposed on the bottom surface and the cavitiesexposed on the top surface; and the vertical beams 392 may be verticallymoveable to extend downward from the bottom surface of a highercarousel-carrier 300 and insert into the cavities 391 on the top surfaceof a lower carousel-carrier 300. In yet other examples, there may beboth cavities 391 and vertical beams 392 exposed at both the top andbottom surfaces of the carousel-carriers 300, and the vertical beams 392in both adjacent carousel-carriers 300 may vertically move in theappropriate directions to engage the cavities 391 in the othercarousel-carrier 300. The vertical beams 392 may be vertically moveableby a motorized pinion system in the carousel-carrier 300, having apinion meshed with a rack gear fixed to an end of the vertical beam 392.A vertical interlocking mechanism 390 between adjacent carousel-carriers300 may facilitate reductions in torsional stresses and momentsconferred to the mast 100 from the rotation of separate carousels 400 atadjacent and vertically locked turbine units 200.

The interior rooms 331-334 in the compartments 330 of thecarousel-carrier 300 may house operations components and systems of thecarousel-carrier 300, and the turbine unit 200 as a whole. Among thecomponents and systems that may be housed in the interior rooms 331-334are the stator 235 of the electrical generator 230, the carouselrotation system, and one or more aerodynamic command systems forcontrolling rotation of carousel blades 800.

The interior rooms 331-334 are sufficiently sized and dimensioned toenable the passage of personnel and equipment therethrough (as when theportals 120/320 at the mast 100 and vertical channel 305 of thecarousel-carrier 300 are aligned), so as to enable ready access to themany components in the carousel-carrier 300 for maintenance, repair,and/or replacement thereof. The access offered by the interior rooms331-334 of the carousel-carrier 300 may include access to the stator235; the carousel rotation system; the motorized pinion systems;movement mechanisms 325/350/355/360; load supporting mechanisms 310;electrical communications mechanisms 315/375; braking mechanisms 370;and vertical interlocking mechanisms 390.

In the example shown in FIGS. 8-10, the upper and lower compartments 330both include four separate rooms 331-334 separated over four floors,with each floor having its own portal 320 for alignment andcommunication with the elevator shaft 135. However, any number of roomsmay be provided on any number of floors, with the separate rooms and/orfloors isolated from one another (as in FIGS. 8-10) or communicatingwith one another (e.g., by portals between floors on a common floor; bya ladder or stairwell between floors).

Carousel-Hub

The carousel-hub 500 is the rotational core at the radial center of thecarousel 400, supporting the radially extending carousel arms 600 withthe carousel blades 800 mounted at their distal ends 630.

The carousel-hub 500 has a generally cylindrically symmetric structure.In the example shown in FIGS. 8-10, the carousel-hub 500 includes anupper compartment 535A with interior rooms 536A-537A therein; a lowercompartment 535B with interior rooms 536B-537B therein; and anintermediate section 540 extending between the upper and lowercompartments 535A/535B. In the example shown in FIG. 8, the intermediatesection 540 isolates the upper and lower compartments 535A/535B, as wellas the interior rooms 536A-537A and 536B-537B in the two compartments.In other examples, the intermediate section 540 may include a passageway(e.g., a ladder or stairwell) permitting passage between interior rooms536A-537A and 536B-537B of the upper and lower compartments 535A/535B.The number of compartments 535 in the carousel-hub 500 may correspondwith the number of compartments 330 in the carousel-carrier 300—as wellas the number of peripheral channels 345 in the carousel-carrier 300. Asshown in the example of FIGS. 8-10, the compartments 535A/535B on thecarousel-hub 500 may be formed as projecting regions of the carousel-hub500 that extend into the recessed peripheral channels 345A/345B of thecarousel-carrier 300. A vertical channel 505 extends entirely through aradial center of the carousel-hub 500, from a bottom surface to a topsurface; and a number of arm sockets 550 protrude from the radial outersurface of the carousel-hub 500, at least at the compartments 535.

As shown in FIGS. 8-10, the carousel-hub 500 has a common configurationat the upper and lower ends. As such, unless otherwise stated,discussions of components at the top of the carousel-hub 500 are alsoapplicable to those common components at the bottom of the carousel-hub500, and vice versa.

The vertical channel 505 at the radial center of the carousel-hub 500has a circular configuration (in the horizontal plane) that correspondswith the radial outer surface of the carousel-carrier 300—therebyfacilitating rotation of the carousel-hub 500 circumferentially aboutthe carousel-carrier 300. Along one or more surfaces of the verticalchannel 505 and/or the upper and lower compartments 535A/535B there areexposed: a surface of a generator rotor 260; a number of portals 510; anumber of circular tracks 515-517; a carousel rotation mechanism 520; anumber of braking mechanisms 525; and a number of electricalcommunications mechanisms 530.

The individual elements exposed at the vertical channel 505 and/or theupper and lower compartments 535A/535B of the carousel-hub 500 may beexposed at multiple surfaces thereof. For example, circular tracks515-517 may be arranged in a number of series along multiple surfaces,which may include: a series of circular tracks 515 along top annularsurfaces 506 of the compartments 535A/535B; a series of circular tracks516 along bottom annular surfaces 507 of the compartments 535A/535B;and/or a series of circular tracks 517 along intermediate annularsurfaces 508 of the vertical channel 505 and/or the compartments535A/535B.

A generator rotor 260 is stored in a rotor housing 265 within aninterior room 536-537 of the carousel-hub 500, with a surface of therotor 260 exposed at a radial inner surface of the vertical channel 505and/or a compartment 535 of the carousel-hub 500 for exposure to acorresponding generator stator 235 in a carousel-carrier 300. In someexamples, when the generator rotor 260 is an electromagnetic rotor, therotor 260 communicates with electrical communications mechanisms 530arranged at the intermediate annular surface 517 of the vertical channel505 (and the respective compartment 535A/535B) of the carousel-hub 500.In other examples, such as when the rotor 260 is a permanent magnetrotor, the rotor 260 in the carousel-hub 500 need not communicate withthe electrical communications mechanisms 530 arranged at the verticalchannel 505. There is at least one rotor 260 stored in each compartment535 of the carousel-hub 500.

The portals 510 at the vertical channel 505 of the carousel-hub 500permit passage into the interior rooms 536-537 of the upper and lowercompartments 535, and are positioned for alignment and communicationwith the portals 395 at the peripheral channel 345 of thecarousel-carrier 300. In this way, when aligned with the portals 395 atthe peripheral channel 345 of the carousel-carrier 300, the portals 510in the vertical channel of the carousel-hub 500 permit passage ofpersonnel and equipment from at least interior rooms 332-333 of thecarousel-carrier 300 to interior rooms 536-537 of the carousel-hub 500.

The circular tracks 515-517 at the vertical channel 505 and the top andbottom annular surfaces 506/507 of the compartments 535 are arranged inone or more rings for alignment and engagement with movement mechanisms350/355/360 provided on a carousel-carrier 300 in the form of rollers.In particular, the circular tracks 517 exposed at the vertical channel505 (which may coincide with the intermediate annular surface of acompartment 535) are annular circular tracks 517 with a straightvertical surface for aligning and engaging with the vertically orientedcylindrical rollers 360 exposed at the intermediate annular surface 348of the peripheral channel 345 of the carousel-carrier 300. In someexamples there may be multiple annular circular tracks 517 along theintermediate annular surface 508 of the vertical channel 505 of thecarousel-hub 500 for mating with multiple annular arrangements ofcylindrical rollers 360. However, in other examples, there may be asingle annular circular track 517 at the intermediate annular surface508 of the vertical channel 505 for mating with a single annulararrangement of cylindrical rollers 360. Similarly, the circular tracks515/516 exposed at the top and bottom annular surfaces 506/507 of thecompartments 535 are circumferential tracks with a straight horizontalsurface for aligning and engaging with the horizontally oriented conicalrollers 350/355 exposed at the top and bottom annular surfaces 346/347of the peripheral channel 345 of the carousel-carrier 300. In someexamples there may be multiple radially concentric circumferentialtracks 515/516 at the top and bottom annular surfaces 506/507 of thecompartments 535, for mating with the multiple radially concentriccircumferential arrangements of conical rollers 350/355. However, inother examples, there may be a single circumferential track 515/516 atthe top and bottom annular surfaces 506/507 of the compartments 535 formating with a single circumferential arrangement of conical rollers350/355.

The circular tracks 517 exposed at the vertical channel 505 aresegmented in multiple arc-shaped circumferential segments 513 that arereleasably fastened to one another to form a fully assembled circulartrack 517. Similarly, the circular tracks 515/516 exposed at the top andbottom annular surfaces 506/507 of the compartments 535 are segmented inmultiple arc-shaped circumferential segments 511/512 that are releasablyfastened to one another to form a fully assembled circular track515/516.

The carousel rotation mechanism 520 exposed at the vertical channel 505of the carousel-hub 500 mates with the carousel rotation mechanism 365exposed at the peripheral channel 345 of the carousel-carrier 300 forenabling rotation control of the carousel-hub 500 (and the carousel 400as a whole) around the carousel-carrier 300. In one example, thecarousel rotation mechanism 520 exposed at the vertical channel 505 ofthe carousel-hub 500 is a crown gear 520 along the radial inner surfacethat mates with the carousel rotation mechanism 365 provided in theperipheral channel 345 of the carousel-carrier 300 in the form of apinion 365. The crown gear 520 along the radial inner surface of thecarousel-hub 500 is segmented in multiple arc-shaped circumferentialsegments 521 that are releasably fastened to one another to form a fullyassembled crown gear 520.

The braking mechanisms 525 exposed at the vertical channel 505 of thecarousel-hub 500 mate with the braking mechanisms 370 exposed in theperipheral channel of a carousel-carrier 300 for securing thecarousel-hub 500 on the carousel-carrier 300 in a manner to fix thecarousel-hub 500 (and the carousel 400 as a whole) against rotationabout the carousel-carrier 300 while so secured. In one example, thebraking mechanism 525 along the vertical channel 505 of the carousel-hub500 is an annular brake rotor 525 for mating with braking mechanisms 370provided in the peripheral channel 345 of the carousel-carrier 300 inthe form of brake calipers 370—with the brake calipers 370 movable toclamp against a surface of the annular brake rotor 525. The annularbrake rotor 525 along the radial inner surface of the carousel-hub 500is segmented in multiple arc-shaped circumferential segments 526 thatare releasably fastened to one another to form a complete annular brakerotor 525.

The electrical communications mechanisms 530 exposed at the verticalchannel 505 of the carousel-hub 500 mate with the electricalcommunications mechanisms 375 exposed in the peripheral channel 345 ofthe carousel-carrier 300 for establishing an electrical communicationbetween the carousel-hub 500 and the carousel-carrier 300. Together, theelectrical communications mechanisms 530/375 establish a rotatingelectrical joint, wherein the electrical communications mechanisms 530exposed at the vertical channel 505 of the carousel-hub 500 are slipring brushes 530 for mating with the electrical communicationsmechanisms 375 provided on the carousel-carrier 300 in the form of aslip ring 375. In the slip ring type electrical joint between thecarousel-carrier 300 and the carousel-hub 500, the slip ring brushes 530at the carousel-hub 500 rotate about the stationary slip ring 375 at thecarousel-carrier 300.

The radial outer surface of the carousel-hub 500 preferably has acircular profile to enhance the aerodynamics of the carousel-hub 500 inrotating on the carousel-carrier 300, with a plurality of arm sockets550 exposed at the radial outer surface for supporting carousel arms600. Proximate the arm sockets 550, at the radial outer surface of thecarousel-hub 500, there are arranged a number of portals 555 and anumber of electrical communications mechanisms 560.

In the example shown in FIGS. 16-17, the arm sockets 550 are sleeve-likeprotrusions projecting radially outward from the radial outer surface ofthe carousel-hub 500. In other examples, the arm sockets 550 may beformed as cavities opening at the radial outer surface of thecarousel-hub 500 and projecting into an interior of the carousel-hub500. Positioning of the arm sockets 550 may vary depending on theconfiguration of the carousel arms 600. In some examples, as that inFIG. 17, upper and lower arm sockets 550A/550B may be vertically spacedthough circumferentially aligned with one another (one directly verticalabove the other) such that corresponding upper and lower carousel arms600A/600B extend parallel with one another in the same radial directionand are joined at their distal ends 630A/630B by a straight verticalblade 800. In other examples, upper and lower arm sockets may be bothvertically and circumferentially displaced from one another such thatcorresponding upper and lower carousel arms extend in different radialdirections, and are joined to one another at their distal ends by anon-straight vertical blade.

Regardless of the alignment between corresponding upper and lower armsockets 550A/550B, the individual arms sockets are equidistantly spacedfrom one another around the circumference of the carousel-hub 500, suchthat the pairs of carousel arms 600 are similarly equidistantly spacedaround the circumference of the carousel-hub 500. For example, inarrangements with three pairs of upper and lower carousel arms600A/600B, each upper carousel arm 600A is spaced 120° from the adjacentupper carousel arms 600A/600B, and each lower carousel arm 600B isspaced 120° from the adjacent lower carousel arms 600A/600B—this mayapply regardless whether the upper and lower carousel arms 600A/600B ineach pair are vertically aligned or displaced from one another. In otherexamples, carousel arms may be spaced 60° apart in arrangements with sixpairs of arms; 40° apart in arrangements with nine pairs of arms; and soon.

The portals 555 at the radial outer surface of the carousel-hub 500,proximate to the arm sockets 550, enable passage of personnel andequipment from interior rooms 536-537 of the carousel-hub 500 to regionsexternal of the carousel-hub 500 (e.g., carousel arms 600).

The electrical communications mechanisms 560 arranged at the arm sockets550 of the carousel-hub 500 mate with electrical communicationsmechanisms 610 on a carousel arm 600 for establishing an electricalcommunication between the carousel-hub 500 and the carousel arm 600. Inone example, the electrical communications mechanisms 560 at the armsockets 550 of the carousel-hub 500 are electrical sockets 560 formating with electrical communications mechanisms 610 provided on acarousel arm 600 in the form of electrical plugs 610.

The interior rooms 536-537 in the compartments 535 of the carousel-hub500 may house operations components and systems of the carousel-hub 500,the carousel arms 600 and/or the carousel blades 800. Among thecomponents and systems that may be housed in the interior rooms 536-537is the rotor 260 of the electrical generator 230.

The interior rooms 536-537 are sufficiently sized and dimensioned toenable the passage of personnel and equipment therethrough (as when theportals 395/510 at the peripheral channel 345 of the carousel-carrier300 and the vertical channel 505 of the carousel-hub 500 are aligned),so as to enable ready access to the many components in the carousel-hub500 for maintenance, repair, and/or replacement thereof. The accessoffered by the interior rooms 536-537 of the carousel-hub 500 mayinclude access to the rotor 260; electrical communications mechanisms530/560; and braking mechanisms 525.

In the example shown in FIGS. 8-10, the upper and lower compartments535A/535B both include two separate rooms 536-537 separated over twofloors, with each floor having its own portal 510 for alignment andcommunication with at least interior rooms 332-333 of thecarousel-carrier 300. However, any number of rooms may be provided onany number of floors, with the separate rooms and/or floors isolatedfrom one another (as in FIGS. 8-10) or communicating with one another(e.g., by portals between floors on a common floor; by a ladder orstairwell between floors).

Carousel Arms

When assembled in a turbine unit 200, the upper and lower carousel arms600A/600B extend radially outward from the carousel-hub 500. Eachcarousel arm has a radially extending longitudinal axis extending from aproximal end 605, where the arm is joined to an arm socket 550 at theradial outer surface of the carousel-hub 500, to a distal end 630 spacedfrom the outer surface of the carousel-hub 500. The distal ends630A/630B of corresponding upper and lower arms 600A/600B in a carouselarm pair are joined to one another by at least one carousel blade 800.

As shown in FIG. 19, the upper and lower carousel arms 600A/600B havecommon configurations. As such, unless otherwise stated, discussions ofa carousel arm 600, and components thereof, are applicable to both theupper and lower carousel arms 600A/600B.

The outer surface of a carousel arm 600 has a cross-sectional shape withan airfoil profile (in a vertical plane extending transverse to thelongitudinal axis). The cross-sectional shape of the carousel arm 600gradually tapers in area along the length thereof, from a greater areaat the proximal end 605 to a lesser area at the distal end 630. Apassageway 615 extends horizontally through the longitudinal length ofthe carousel arm 600.

In the example shown in FIG. 19, the proximal end 605 of the carouselarm 600 is an open end that joins with an arm socket 550 at the radialouter surface of the carousel-hub 500; and a number of electricalcommunications mechanisms 610 are arranged at the proximal end 605. Atits distal end 630, the carousel arm 600 includes an axle socket 635 forreceiving a blade axle 750 that supports a carousel blade 800. In someexamples, the carousel arm 600 may have a number of axle sockets 635along its length for receiving a number of blade axles 750.

The electrical communications mechanisms 610 arranged at the proximalend 605 of the carousel arm 600 mate with the electrical communicationsmechanisms 560 arranged at the arm socket 550 of the carousel-hub 500for establishing an electrical communication between the carousel arm600 and the carousel-hub 500. Together, the electrical communicationsmechanisms 610/560 establish a male-female, insertion-type electricaljoint, such as one wherein the electrical communications mechanisms 610at the proximal end 605 of the carousel arm 600 are electrical plugs 610that mate with the electrical communications mechanisms 560 arranged atthe arm socket 550 of the carousel-hub 500, which are provided in theform of electrical sockets 560.

In the example shown in FIG. 20, the axle socket 635 at the distal end630 of the carousel arm 600 is a cavity-type socket that opens at anouter surface of the carousel arm 600 and extends into an interior spaceof the arm 600 for reception of a blade axle 750. In other examples, theaxle socket 635 may be formed as a sleeve-type socket that protrudesfrom the carousel arm 600 surface. At an internal side of the axlesocket 635, either in the interior space of the carousel arm 600relative to a cavity-type axle socket 635 or in the protruding sleeve ofa sleeve-type axle socket, there is positioned an axle stay 640 forjoining with a blade axle 750 inserted in the axle socket 635. In pairsof carousel arms 600, the upper carousel arm 600A will have an axlesocket 635 at a bottom surface and the lower carousel arm 600B will havean axle socket 635 at a top surface.

An electrical communications mechanism 645 may be arranged adjacent theaxle socket 635 for mating with an electrical communications mechanism730 arranged on a blade coupler 700 mounted on a blade axle 750 receivedin the axle socket 635. The electrical communications mechanism 645 maybe integral with the axle stay 640, or may be arranged adjacent an edgeof the axle socket 635. The nature of the electrical communicationmechanism 645 may vary based on the type of carousel blade 800 employedin the turbine system 1. For example, if using a fixed carousel blade,the electrical communication mechanism 645 may be part of a male-female,insertion-type electrical joint such as an electrical socket for matingwith an electrical plug on a fixed carousel blade. In other examplesemploying a rotatable carousel blade 800, the electrical communicationsmechanism 645 may be a rotating electrical joint type, such as that inthe example of FIG. 21 wherein the electrical communications mechanism645 at the axle socket 635 is one or more slip ring brushes 645 formating with an electrical communications mechanism 730 provided on ablade coupler 700 in the form of a slip ring 730. In the slip ring typeelectrical joint between the carousel arm 600 and the blade coupler 700,the slip ring 730 at the blade coupler 700 rotates relative to the slipring brushes 645 at the axle socket 635.

The passageway 615 in the carousel arm 600 may house internal componentsand systems for operation of the carousel arm 600 and/or the carouselblade 800. Among the components and systems that may be housed withinthe passageway 615 is a blade rotation system 620.

A blade rotation system 620 will be housed in the carousel arm 600, ifthe turbine system 1 employs rotatable carousel blades 800. However, iffixed carousel blades are used, there is no need for housing a bladerotation system 620 in the carousel arm 600.

A blade rotation system 620 may be positioned, at least in part,adjacent the axle socket 635 in the carousel arm 600 and may communicate(via electrical communications mechanisms) with one or more aerodynamiccommand systems housed in the carousel-carrier 300 for enablingrotational control of a carousel blade 800 mounted on a blade axle 750received in the adjacent axle socket 635.

In a preferred example, the blade rotation system 620 includes a steppermotor having an output pinion coupled to an input shaft of a bladegearbox 621, which blade gearbox 621 may include a worm gearcommunicating with an output gear 622 positioned for aligning andmeshing with a mating gear 725 on a blade coupler 700 mounted on a bladeaxle 750 received in the axle socket 635.

In addition to housing components, the passageway 615 in the carouselarm 600 may be sufficiently sized and dimensioned to enable the passageof personnel and equipment therethrough. Such a sizing and dimensioningof the passageway 615 permits personnel to readily access the manycomponents in the carousel arm 600 for maintenance, repair, and/orreplacement thereof. The access offered by the passageway 615 need notbe limited to only the blade rotation system 620. For example, thepassageway 615 may also be used to access electrical communicationsmechanisms 610/645 and other subsystems.

In the example shown in FIG. 19, there is only a single passageway 615through the carousel arm 600. However, other examples may includemultiple passageways through the carousel arms 600—and the passagewaysmay include a number of rooms provided on a number of floors, with theseparate rooms and floors isolated from one another or communicatingwith one another (e.g., by portals between rooms on a common floor; by aladder or stairwell between floors). The passageway 615 of the carouselarm 600 may have a plurality of portals granting access between interiorrooms of the carousel arm and to external surfaces above and/or belowthe carousel arm.

Blade Coupler

When assembled in a turbine unit 200, the carousel blades 800 extendbetween distal ends 630A/630B of corresponding upper and lower carouselarms 600A/600B. The carousel blades 800 may be fixed or rotatableblades, and the blades may be straight blades that extend directlyvertical or they may be curved or otherwise not straight in the verticalsense. In the example of FIG. 20, the carousel blade 800 is a straightrotatable blade 800 mounted on a blade axle 750. The blade axle 750extends along a vertical longitudinal axis and the carousel blade 800 ismounted on and rotatable about the blade axle 750 by a blade coupler700.

As shown in FIG. 20, the upper and lower ends of the combinedarrangement of the blade axle 750 and the carousel blade 800 have commonconfigurations (including common blade coupler 700 configurations). Assuch, unless otherwise stated, discussions relative to the top end ofthe carousel blade 800, the top end of the blade axle 750, and an upperblade coupler 700 are also applicable to a common arrangement of thebottom end of the carousel blade 800, the bottom end of the blade axle750, and a lower upper blade coupler 700, and vice versa.

The blade axle 750 is a straight beam having an upper end inserted in anaxle socket 635 of an upper carousel arm 600A and secured by an axlestay 640 therein, and a lower end inserted in an axle socket 635 of alower carousel arm 600B and secured by an axle stay 640 therein.Securement of the top and bottom ends of the blade axle 750 by therespective axle stays 640 are such as to render the blade axle 750non-rotatable. The non-rotatable securement of the blade axle 750 may befacilitated by providing the blade axle 750 and the axle stays 640 withmating surfaces of non-circular polygonal shape.

Mounted along the blade axle 750 are an upper blade coupler 700; a lowerblade coupler 700; and, optionally, a number of intermediate bladecouplers. At least the upper and lower blade couplers 700 include anouter bearing 705 mounted in the axle socket 635, an inner bearing 710mounted on the blade axle 750; and a bushing insert 715 rotatablymounted between the inner and outer bearings 710/705.

As shown in FIG. 20, the upper and lower blade couplers 700A/700B havecommon, though inverted configurations. As such, unless otherwisestated, discussions of the upper coupler 700A are also applicable to thelower coupler 700B (though with the understanding that the arrangementis inverted), and vice versa.

The outer bearing 705 in the upper blade coupler 700 includes an innersurface 707, an outer surface 706, and a number of rollers 708 betweenthe inner and outer surfaces 707/706. The outer surface 706 of the outerbearing 705 is mounted in the axle socket 635 in a non-rotatable mannerby providing the outer surface 706 and the axle socket 635 with matingnon-circular polygonal shapes. The inner surface 707 of the outerbearing 705 is rotatable within the outer surface 706 (and within theaxle socket 635) via the rollers 708.

The inner bearing 710 of the upper blade coupler includes an innersurface 712, an outer surface 711, and a number of rollers 713 betweenthe inner and outer surfaces 712/711. The inner surface 712 of the innerbearing 710 is mounted on the blade axle 750 in a non-rotatable mannerby providing the inner surface 712 with a corresponding non-circularpolygonal shape as the outer surface of the blade axle 750. The outersurface 711 of the inner bearing 710 is rotatable about the innersurface 712 (and the blade axle 750) via the rollers 713.

The bushing insert 715 is mounted between the outer surface 711 of theinner bearing 710 and the inner surface 707 of the outer bearing 705;and is thus rotatable with both surfaces, within the axle socket 635 andaround the blade axle 750. An upper end 720 of the bushing insert 715extends through the axle socket 635, and into the upper carousel arm600A; and a lower end 735 of the bushing insert 715 extends into acarousel blade 800. Coupled to the upper end 720 of the bushing insert715 exposed within the upper carousel arm 600A is a toothed gear 725 andan electrical communications mechanism 730. Coupled to the lower end ofthe bushing insert 715 exposed within the carousel blade 800 is a numberof fastening mechanisms 740 and electrical communications mechanisms745.

The toothed gear 725 coupled to the upper end 720 of the bushing insert715 is positioned to align with the output gear 622 of the blade gearbox621 of the blade rotation system 620 housed in the upper carousel arm600A. The blade gearbox 621 of the blade rotation system 620 may includea worm gear transmission or similar mechanical gearing design (e.g.,harmonic drive) for the purpose of locking the carousel blade 800 inposition when the stepper motor is not turning.

The electrical communications mechanism 730 at the upper end 720 of thebushing insert 715 mates with the electrical communications mechanisms645 adjacent the axle socket 635 for establishing an electricalcommunication between the blade coupler 700 and the carousel arm 600.Together, the electrical communications mechanisms 730/645 establish arotating electrical joint, such as one wherein the electricalcommunications mechanism 730 provide at the bushing insert 715 of theblade coupler 700 is a slip ring 730 for mating with the electricalcommunications mechanism 645 provided adjacent the axle socket 635 inthe form of slip ring brushes 645. In the slip ring type electricaljoint between the blade coupler 700 and the carousel arm 600, the slipring 730 at the bushing insert 715 of the blade coupler 700 rotatesrelative to the slip ring brushes 645 adjacent the axle socket 635 ofthe carousel arm 600.

The fastening mechanisms 740 at the lower end of the bushing insert 715mate with fastening mechanisms 815 arranged in the carousel blade 800for securing the carousel blade 800 to the bushing insert 715. In oneexample, the fastening mechanisms 740/815 in both the bushing insert 715and the carousel blade 800 are a number of bores 740/815 positioned foralignment and simultaneous reception and securement of a bolt in both.The electrical communications mechanisms 745 at the lower end of thebushing insert 715 mate with electrical communications mechanisms 820within the carousel blade 800 for establishing an electricalcommunication between the blade coupler 700 and the carousel blade 800.Together, the electrical communications mechanisms 745/820 may establisha male-female electrical joint, such as one where the electricalcommunications mechanisms 745 provided at the bushing insert 715 of theblade coupler 700 are electrical sockets 745 for mating with theelectrical communications mechanisms 820 provided within the carouselblade 800 in the form of electrical plugs 820.

The lower blade coupler 700B may optionally have the same arrangement asthe upper blade coupler 700A—including both the mechanical rotation andelectrical communications couplings of the bushing insert 715 relativeto the systems in the carousel arm 600 and the carousel blade800—though, preferably, with an inverted orientation due to thearrangement of the lower blade coupler 700B being one for joining abottom end of the blade axle 750 to an axle socket 635 in an uppersurface of a lower carousel arm 600B.

Carousel Blade

The carousel blade 800 is of virtually rigid aerodynamic structureextending vertically and substantially parallel with the blade axle 750,when mounted thereto. The carousel blade 800 has an airfoilprofile—preferably with an asymmetrical cross-section (in a horizontalplane)—with a chord approximately parallel to the horizontal plane. Thecross-sectional area of the carousel blade 800 remains substantiallyconstant along the height of the straight vertical blade 800.

The carousel blade 800 is composed of at least a foil body 805 and achannel cover 825. The foil body 805 presents an outer surface having,generally, an airfoil profile with the exception of a region where thereis formed an axle channel 810 at the outer surface. The axle channel 810has an opening facing outward of the foil body 805, and is shaped toreceive the upper and lower bushing inserts 715A/715B of the upper andlower blade couplers 700A/700B. Exposed within the axle channel 810 area number of fastening mechanisms 815 and a number of electricalcommunications mechanisms 820.

Included among the fastening mechanisms 815 in the axle channel 810 area number of fastening mechanisms 815 for mating with fasteningmechanisms 740 exposed at the lower end of the bushing insert 715 of theupper blade coupler 700A and a number of fastening mechanisms 815 formating with fastening mechanisms 740 exposed at an upper end of thebushing insert 715 of the lower blade coupler 700B. In one example, thefastening mechanisms 815/740 in the axle channel 810 and both bushinginserts 715A/715B are a number of bores 815/740 positioned for alignmentand simultaneous reception and securement of bolts therein. The carouselblade 800 may be joined with any intermediate couplers mounted on theblade axle 750 in a similar manner.

Included among the electrical communications mechanisms 820 in the axlechannel 810 are a number of electrical communications mechanisms 820 formating with electrical communications mechanisms 745 exposed at thelower end of the bushing insert 715 of the upper blade coupler 700A anda number of electrical communications mechanisms 820 for mating withelectrical communications mechanisms 745 exposed at the upper end of thebushing insert 715 of the lower blade coupler 700B for establishingrespective electrical communications between the carousel blade 800 andthe upper and lower blade couplers 700A/700B. Corresponding electricalcommunications mechanisms 820/745 may establish a male-female electricaljoint, such as one where the electrical communications mechanisms 820provided at the axle channel 810 are electrical plugs 820 for matingwith the electrical communications mechanisms 745 provided at thebushing inserts 715A/715B in the form of electrical sockets 745.

Securing the upper and lower blade couplers 700A/700B (as well as anyintermediate couplers mounted on the blade axle 750) within the axlechannel 810, rotatably mounts the foil body 805 of the carousel blade800 to the blade axle 750.

After mounting the foil body 805 to the blade axle 750, the channelcover 825 is secured to the foil body 805 to close the axle channel 810.The channel cover 825 includes a planar body 826 sized and dimensionedto completely close the axle channel 810 along a vertical surface of thefoil body 805, and has an outer surface profile corresponding with theaerodynamic profile of the foil body 805.

In the example shown in FIG. 23, the channel cover 825 is secured by anumber of axle collars 830. Each axle collar 830 is formed of two collarsections 835/840 having corresponding semi-circular recesses 836/841. Afirst collar section 835 is secured to the inside-facing surface of theplanar body 826 with the semi-circular recess 836 opening away from theplanar body 826. The second collar section 840 is secured to an innersurface of the axle channel 810, prior to insertion of the blade axle750 therein, with the semi-circular recess 841 opening outward from theaxle channel 810 so as to provide clearance for insertion of the bladeaxle 750. After the blade axle 750 is inserted in the axle channel 810,and over the second collar section 840, the first and second collarsections 835/840 are then secured to one another so as to secure thechannel cover 825 to the foil body 805, thereby enclosing the axlechannel 810 and completing assembly of the carousel blade 800.

In another example, the axle channel 810 may have a recessed annularledge at its periphery and the channel cover 825 may be received at therecessed annular edge so as to lie flat with substantially no seamrelative to the outer surface of the foil body 805. Such an arrangementof the channel cover 825 may be secured with a number of bolts placedthrough the planar body 826 and into the annular ledge. When using boltsto secure the planar body 826 to the annular ledge, the channel cover825 may optionally omit the axle collars 830.

The fasteners securing the foil body 805 to the bushing inserts 715 andthe axle collars 830, and/or the bolts securing the planar body 826 ofthe channel cover 825 to an annular ledge of the axle channel 810 in thefoil body 805, may be explosive bolts. A suitable explosive bolt may useNASA standard dual redundant initiators, or similar components that canbe fired via triple-authentication enhanced crypto signals by either anautomatic safety system of the turbine system and/or by a remoteoperator. Such use of explosive bolts may allow jettisoning the carouselblades 800 of one or more carousels 400 in order to reduce the forces onthe mast 100 caused by the thrust of the wind on the blades 800, asapplicable.

There may also be positioned along an inner surface of the axle channel810, a number of disruptive charges that may be detonated when firingthe explosive bolts so as to facilitate removal of the carousel blade800 from the blade axle 750, and possibly to promote a propulsion of thecarousel blade 800 away from the turbine system 1, upon release of thecarousel blade 800 from the blade axle 750 by firing of the explosivebolts.

As each carousel blade 800 is joined between both an upper and lowercarousel arm 600A/600B, blade rotation systems 620 and electricalcommunications mechanisms 645/730 may be provided in either of the twoarms alone. However, in some examples these mechanisms may be present inboth the upper and lower carousel arms 600A/600B.

For example, as shown in FIG. 20, both the upper and lower carousel arms600A/600B include a blade coupler 700 having an inner bearing 710, abushing insert 715, and an outer bearing 705. The bushing insert 715 inboth the upper and lower carousel arms 600A/600B, includes a coupledgear 725 for meshing with a mating pinion 622 of a blade gearbox 621 ina corresponding blade rotation system 620 within the respective arm600A/600B; and an electrical communications mechanism 730 (e.g., a slipring 730) for mating with an electrical communications mechanism 645 inthe respective arm 600A/600B (e.g., a slip ring brush 645). The bushinginserts 715 in both the upper and lower carousel arms 600A/600B includethe fastening mechanisms 740 (e.g., bolt-receiving openings 740) and theelectrical communications mechanisms 745 (e.g., electrical sockets 745)for mating with corresponding fastening mechanisms 815 (e.g.,bolt-receiving openings 815) and electrical communications mechanisms820 in the carousel blade 800 (e.g., electrical plugs 820).

Preferably, there are nearly identical configurations at the top andbottom ends of the blade axle 750 (e.g., blade rotation system 620; axlesocket 635; blade coupler 700; etc.), with the exception that theconfigurations are inverted relative to one another. In particular, theuse of matching (though inverted) configurations at both the top andbottom ends of the blade axle 750 will result in a more uniformdistribution of the torque applied to the carousel blade 800 and areduction in the torsion moments on the blade 800 as it rotates aroundthe blade axle 750. Providing these mechanisms in both the upper andlower carousel arms 600A/600B may also allow a system in one arm tocontinue operating the carousel blade 800 in the event of a systemfailure in the other arm.

Electrical System

FIG. 25 shows an example of an electrical system 900 that may be presentthrough a single segment 201 of a turbine unit 200, along a singlecarousel arm 600. Some or all of the electrical system 900 may beduplicated for each carousel arm 600 in each segment 201 of a turbineunit 200.

In general, references to electrical communications mechanisms,electrical lines, electrical joints, and the like apply to arrangementsfor both electric power transmission and signal transmission. As such,unless otherwise stated, discussions of electrical communicationsmechanisms used for power transmission are also applicable to signaltransmission and vice versa. Also, references to electrical lines andelectrical joints and the like is understood as referring not simply toan electrical line or an electrical joint in the singular, but alsocollections of electrical lines and electrical joints in the plural.

At the mast base 105 and/or base-structure 2 there is housed the powerdistribution, power storage, and/or ancillary power support systems.These systems at the mast base 105 and/or base-structure 2 may includean integrated electrical power conditioning and control system, whichallows for synchronization of each phase of multiple multiphasegenerators. In the mast 100, an electrical trunk line 910 communicateswith the power distribution, power storage, and/or ancillary powersupport systems housed in mast base 105 and/or the base-structure 2 andruns vertically along the height of the mast 100. The trunk line 910communicates with electrical branch lines 915 that communicate withelectrical loads 920 along the mast 100 and the electricalcommunications mechanisms 130 exposed along the external surface of themast 100.

At the electrical joint 925, the electrical communications mechanisms130 at the mast 100 mate with the electrical communications mechanisms315 at the vertical channel 305 of the carousel-carrier 300. In oneexample, the electrical communications mechanisms 130 at the mast 100are electrical sockets 130 and the electrical communications mechanisms315 at the vertical channel 305 of the carousel-carrier 300 areelectrical plugs 315 that are received in the electrical sockets 130 ina male-female connection.

At the carousel-carrier 300, the electrical communications mechanisms315 at the vertical channel 305 communicate with an electrical branchline 930 through the carousel-carrier 300. The branch line 930communicates with electrical loads 935 in the carousel-carrier 300, thestator 235 of the generator 230; and the electrical communicationsmechanisms 375 at the peripheral channel 345 of the carousel-carrier300. The electrical lines 936 communicating the branch line 930 to theelectrical loads 935 are for delivering electrical power and/or relayingsignal transmissions for the electrical loads 935. An electrical line940 communicating the branch line 930 to the stator 235 is for receivinggenerated electrical power from the stator 235 for delivery to the powerdistribution, power storage, and/or ancillary power support systems atthe mast base 105 and/or base-structure 2.

At the electrical joint 945, the electrical communications mechanisms375 at the peripheral channel 345 of the carousel-carrier 300 mate withthe electrical communications mechanisms 530 at the vertical channel 505of the carousel-hub 500. In one example, the electrical communicationsmechanisms 375 at the peripheral channel 345 of the carousel-carrier 300are a slip ring 375 and the electrical communications mechanisms 530 atthe vertical channel 505 of the carousel-hub 500 are slip ring brushes530 that rotate along the slip ring 375 to yield a rotating electricaljoint 945.

At the carousel-hub 500, the electrical communications mechanisms 530 atthe vertical channel 505 communicate with an electrical branch line 950through the carousel-hub 500. The branch line 950 communicates withelectrical loads 955 in the carousel-hub 500, the rotor 260 of thegenerator 230; and the electrical communications mechanisms 560 at thearm sockets 550 of the carousel-hub 500. The electrical lines 956communicating the branch line 950 to the electrical loads 955 are fordelivering electrical power and/or relaying signal transmissions for theelectrical loads 955. An electrical line 960 communicating the branchline 950 to the rotor 260 is for delivering electrical power fromelectrical systems at the mast base 105 and/or base-structure 2 to theelectrical coils of the rotor 260 for use in generating a magnetic fieldat the electromagnetic rotor 260.

At the electrical joint 965, the electrical communications mechanisms560 at the arm sockets 550 mate with the electrical communicationsmechanisms 610 at the proximal ends 605 of the carousel arms 600. In oneexample, the electrical communications mechanisms 560 at the arm sockets550 are electrical sockets 560 and the electrical communicationsmechanisms 610 at the proximal ends 605 of the carousel arms 600 areelectrical plugs 610 that are received in the electrical sockets 560 ina male-female connection.

At the carousel arm 600, the electrical communications mechanisms 610 atthe proximal end 605 communicate with an electrical branch line 970extending through the carousel arm 600. The branch line 970 communicateswith electrical loads 975 in the carousel arm 600, and the electricalcommunications mechanisms 645 at the distal end 630 of the carousel arm600. The electrical lines 976 communicating the branch line 970 to theelectrical loads 975 are for delivering electrical power and/or relayingsignal transmissions for the electrical loads 975.

At the electrical joint 980, the electrical communications mechanisms645 at an axle socket 635 in the carousel arm 600 mate with theelectrical communications mechanisms 730 at the bushing insert 715 of ablade coupler 700 mounted on a blade axle 750 received in the axlesocket 635. In one example, the electrical communications mechanisms 645at the axle socket 635 are slip ring brushes 645 and the electricalcommunications mechanisms 730 at the bushing insert 715 is a slip ring730 that rotates relative to the slip ring brushes 645 to yield arotating electrical joint 980.

At the blade coupler 700, the electrical communications mechanism 730 atthe arm-end of a bushing insert 715 communicates with a branch line 985that that runs along the length of the bushing insert 715 andcommunicates with the electrical communications mechanisms 745 at theblade-end of the bushing insert 715.

At the electrical joint 990, the electrical communications mechanisms745 at the blade-end of the bushing insert 715 of the blade coupler 700mate with the electrical communications mechanisms 820 at the axlechannel 810 of the carousel blade 800. In one example, the electricalcommunications mechanisms 745 at the blade-end of the bushing insert 715are electrical sockets 745 and the electrical communications mechanisms820 at the axle channel 810 of the carousel blade 800 are electricalplugs 820 that insert into the electrical sockets 745 in a male-femaleconnection.

At the carousel blade 800, the electrical communications mechanisms 820at the axle channel 810 communicate with one or more electrical lines996 for delivering electrical power and/or relaying signal transmissionsto one or more electrical loads 995 in the carousel blade 800.

The generator stator 235 housed in the carousel-carrier 300 and thegenerator rotor 260 housed in the carousel-hub 500 together make up anelectrical generator 230 within the turbine unit 200. There may bemultiple stators and rotors in each turbine unit 200—including multiplestators and rotors in individual upper and lower compartments 330A/330Band 535A/535B of each turbine unit 200—such that each turbine unit 200may include multiple electrical generators 230. As such, unless statedotherwise, discussions relative to the stator 235, the rotor 260, andthe electrical generator 230 as a whole, are applicable to each stator235, rotor 260 and electrical generator 230 in the turbine unit 200.

In the carousel-carrier 300, the stator 235 includes a plurality ofinduction coils and stator housings 240 that protect the induction coilsfrom the outside environment. The stator housings 240 include aplurality of external fins for heat dissipation, and radiators of thearmatures of the induction coils have internal tubes to assist incooling. The induction coils of the stator 235 communicate with theelectrical communications mechanisms 315 in the carousel-carrier 300 viathe electrical line 940 and the electrical branch line 930.

In the carousel-hub 500, the rotor 260 includes a rotor housing 265 thatprotects the rotor 260 from the outside environment. The rotor housing265 includes a plurality of external fins for heat dissipation. When therotor 260 is an electromagnetic type, it further includes inductioncoils communicating with the electrical communications mechanisms 530 inthe carousel-hub 500 via the electrical line 960 and the electricalbranch line 950 for receiving an electrical current that may be used toinduce a magnetic field in the rotor 260. If using a permanent magnettype rotor 260, the electrical line 960 may be omitted.

Each carousel-carrier 300 and its corresponding carousel-hub 500include, respectively, a cooling system for the stators 235 fixed to thecarousel-carrier 300 and a cooling system for the rotors 260 fixed tothe carousel-hub 500—both of which use external air for cooling. Thesecooling systems are supplied air by a plurality of air intakes locatedon the external periphery of the carousel-hub 500 and/or the leadingedge of the carousel arms 600 near their proximal ends 605. The airintakes capture ambient air circulating outside the turbine unit 200 anddirect the air into a plurality of inflow control devices thatdistribute the airflow to both cooling systems as needed.

The cooling system of the rotors 260 of the generator 230 include aplurality of air ducts that convey the air from the inflow controldevices to a plurality of nozzles, arranged on the carousel-hub 500,which blow air onto the rotor housing 265 for cooling by convection.After the air blown by the nozzles has flowed about the finned surfaceof the rotor housing 265, the air is extracted to the outside throughoutlet air ducts.

For the cooling of the stators 235 of the generator 230, thecarousel-carrier 300 includes a plurality of air ducts that carry airfrom the inflow control devices to a plurality of nozzles, arranged onthe internal periphery of the carousel-hub 500. The nozzles blow the airinto a plurality of air intakes, located on the external periphery ofthe carousel-carrier 300, which capture the air from the nozzles andchannel it through a plurality of air ducts to a plurality of nozzles ofthe carousel-carrier 300 that blow the air onto the stator housing 240for cooling by convection. The carousel-carrier 300 further includes aplurality of heat pumps that circulate gas through the radiators of thearmatures of the stators 235 to collect heat generated by the inductioncoils and thereby increase the cooling capacity. After the air blown bythe nozzles has flowed about the finned surface of the stator housing240, the air is directed through outlet air ducts to outflow controldevices that let the air flow to the outside or send it to are-circulation circuit for the purpose of heating constituent elementsof the carousel-carrier 300 as needed.

Each electrical load in the electrical system 900 represents one or moreoperational components and/or systems that require delivery ofelectrical energy and/or relaying of signal transmissions for operation.

Throughout the turbine system 1, including the mast 100 and eachcomponent of the turbine unit 200, the electrical loads may includeactuators and sensors for operational control of the turbine system 1.For example, actuators may include drive units for engagement anddisengagement of mechanical units; and sensors may include logic gates(e.g., for verifying conditional circumstances such as: anengagement/disengagement state of mechanical units; temperaturethresholds; a relative movement/alignment state of two components;etc.).

The electrical load 935 in the carousel-carrier 300 may include: themotorized pinion systems for controlling movements of the load supportmechanisms 310, the electrical communications mechanisms 315, and thevertical interlocking mechanisms 390; the carousel rotation systems; theaerodynamic command systems; and access systems controlling closures atthe portals of the turbine unit 200.

The turbine system 1 may also include a number of heating and deicingsystems for controlling the internal temperature of the turbine system 1as a whole. Heating and deicing systems in the turbine unit 200 mayinclude heating blankets, a network of heating conductors, and/orcollections of electromechanical actuators that are actuated to vibrateby electric pulses arranged along the interior and/or exterior of thehull for each component—including the carousel-carrier 300, thecarousel-hub 500, the carousel arms 600, and the carousel blades 800.One or more, or all, of the separate heating and deicing system typesmay be activated independently or simultaneously to heat the turbineunit 200 and facilitate the detachment of the first layers of ice formedduring icing events. These heating and deicing systems may be includedamong the electrical loads in the respective components.

The turbine system 1 may also utilize a thermal gradient driven heatexchanger system to generate energy for the surface heating of criticalcomponents to minimize ice buildup; and may utilize a thermal gradientsystem with or without a heat exchanger to generate energy forcontrolling the temperature of critical heat sensitive components. Anysuch heat exchanger systems may also be included among the electricalloads throughout the electrical system 900.

Modular Design and Segmentation

Assembly and maintenance of the wind turbine system 1 is facilitated byeach turbine unit 200 being of modular construction for assembly at thefoot of the mast 100, in that each turbine unit 200 may be a modularunit formed from multiple turbine segments 201, with each segmentcomposed of multiple segmented portions. With such a construction, themodular turbine unit 200 may be readily assembled on location at thebuild site of the turbine system 1; and disassembled at the site formaintenance, repair and/or replacement as needed.

A modular configuration is one wherein a component is composed ofmultiple predetermined segmentations that, unless stated otherwise, arereleasably fastened to one another so as to permit the selectiveassembly thereof by fastening the individual segments to one another;and permit the selective disassembly thereof by unfastening theindividual segments.

A segmented portion (or segmentation) is a pre-fabricated sub-componentof a larger modular component that is assembled from multiple suchsegmented portions. Each segmented portion of a modular component issubstantially identical to one another, such that each segmented portionis readily interchangeable and replaceable by a stock segmented portion.

Preferably, the modular design of the turbine system 1 is one whereinthe modular arc-shaped circumferential components are composed of anumber of segments that is a factor of three, constituting a form factorthat coincides with the optimal form factor for segmentingmodularly-constructed direct drive three phase generators for windturbines.

A form factor of three is particularly advantageous if it is desired forthe turbine system 1 to have the capability of generating three-phase ACpower. In order to generate three-phase power, sets of three statorpoles are used. As such, if a modular turbine unit 200 is to be formedfrom readily interchangeable segments, with substantially identicalsegments in each modular generator 230 assembly, then division of themodular stator 235 into a number of segments that is not a factor ofthree would require dividing one or more sets of poles of the stator235. Such segmentation would not only add significant cost andcomplexity to the manufacture of the generator segments, but would alsopresent undesirable complexity in interchanging segments of thegenerator 230. On the other hand, by using the preferred form factor ofthree, each stator segment 236 in each turbine segment 201 can besubstantially identical, without dividing any set of stator poles. Assuch, a modular construction using a number of segments that is a factorof three will provide significant cost savings and reductions incomplexity in the manufacture, assembly and maintenance of the generatorsegments as compared to other designs. Though not subject to the samethree-pole characteristic as the modular stator 235, the modular rotor260 may likewise be segmented so that each rotor segment 261 has thesame number of electromagnets or permanent magnets as the number ofcoils in the stator segments 236.

Assembly of the modular turbine unit 200, and interchangeability of theindividual turbine segments 201 thereof, is enhanced by extending theform factor of three to the components and sub-components of the turbineunit 200 that are of a circular shape and composed of multiplearc-shaped circumferential segments. As such, it is preferable that boththe carousel-carrier 300 and the carousel-hub 500 be composed of anumber of arc-shaped circumferential segments that is a form factor ofthree—with each carousel-carrier segment 301 and carousel-hub segment501 containing portions of the respective upper and lower compartments330A/330B, 535A/535B and intermediate sections 340, 540).

In extending the form factor of three to the sub-components within thecarousel-carrier 300, it is preferable that: the circular generatorstator 235 be composed of a number of arc-shaped circumferentialsegments 236 that is a form factor of three (each segment containing anumber of coils); the movement mechanisms 350/355 (e.g., the circularconical roller platforms 353/358) at the top and bottom annular surfaces346/347 of the peripheral channel 345 be composed of a number ofarc-shaped circumferential segments 354/359 that is a form factor ofthree (each segment carrying a number of conical rollers 350/355); andthe electrical communications mechanisms 375 (e.g., the circular slipring 375) at the peripheral channel 345 be composed of a number ofarc-shaped circumferential segments 376 that is a form factor of three.

In extending the form factor of three to the sub-components within thecarousel-hub 500, it is preferable that: the circular generator rotor260 be composed of a number of arc-shaped circumferential segments 261that is a form factor of three (each segment containing a number ofelectromagnets or permanent magnets); the circular tracks 515/516 at thetop and bottom annular surfaces 506/507 of the compartments 535 becomposed of a number of arc-shaped circumferential segments 511/512 thatis a form factor of three; the circular tracks 517 at the verticalchannel 505 be composed of a number of arc-shaped circumferentialsegments 513 that is a form factor of three; the carousel rotationmechanism 520 (e.g., the circular crown gear 520) at the verticalchannel 505 be composed of a number of arc-shaped circumferentialsegments 521 that is a form factor of three; and the braking mechanisms525 (e.g., the circular annular brake rotor 525) at the vertical channel505 be composed of a number of arc-shaped circumferential segments 526that is a form factor of three.

FIG. 26 shows a preferred modular design for circular sub-components ofthe carousel-carrier 300 and carousel-hub 500. In such a modular design,a circular sub-component 1010 is divided into a number of sub-componentsegments 1011, including standard segments 1011A and straddle segments1011B. Each standard segment 1011A is received entirely within a singleturbine segment 201, either at the carousel-carrier 300 or thecarousel-hub 500 (depending on the specific sub-component), with eachturbine segment 201 receiving an equal number of the standard segments1011A. Straddle segments 1011B, however, are not received entirelywithin any one individual turbine segment 201. Instead, each straddlesegment 1011B is half received in a first turbine segment 201 and halfreceived in a second adjacent turbine segment 201, so as to straddle theopposing circumferential edges of the two adjacent turbine segments 201.A circular sub-component adopting such a modular design will have anequal number of straddle segments 1011B as the number of turbinesegments 201, with one straddle segment 1011B straddling eachcircumferential edge of each turbine segment 201. Whereas the standardsegments 1011A may be loaded during assembly of the individual turbinesegments 201, the straddle segments 1011B are loaded only after joiningthe turbine segments 201 to assemble a compete turbine unit 200.

The modular design in FIG. 26 is applicable to each circularsub-component that extends entirely around the turbine unit 200,including: the generator stator 235; the movement mechanisms 350/355(e.g., the conical roller platforms 353/358); the electricalcommunications mechanisms 375 (e.g., the slip ring 375); the generatorrotor 260; the conical rollers tracks 515/516; the cylindrical rollerstracks 517; the carousel rotation mechanism 520 (e.g., the crown gear520); and the braking mechanisms 525 (e.g., the annular brake rotor525). It is also preferable that the modular design of each of thesecircular sub-components 1010 be composed of a sufficient number ofsegments 1011 that each individual segment 1011 may be sufficientlysized and dimensioned for transportation through the portals andelevator shafts of the turbine system 1. In this way, individualsegments 1011 of each circular sub-component 1010 may be removed andreplaced while the turbine unit 200 remains assembled on the mast 100.

In one example, a turbine unit 200 is assembled by first assembling acomplete set of turbine segments 201, and then joining the separateturbine segments 201 to one another around the foot of the mast 100 atthe site of the turbine system 1.

Assembly of a turbine segment 201 may begin with assembly of acarousel-carrier segment 301. The carousel-carrier 300 is a modularcomponent in that it is composed of multiple arc-shaped circumferentialsegments 301, with each carousel-carrier segment 301 including a portionof: the polygonal vertical channel 305; the upper and lower compartments330A/330B; the intermediate section 340, and the circular peripheralchannels 345A/345B—as well as a division of the subsystems andmechanisms therein. Preferably, the modular design of thecarousel-carrier 300 has a form factor of three in that the number ofcarousel-carrier segments 301 is a factor of three.

A carousel-carrier segment 301 may come pre-loaded with the standardsegments 1011A for each of the circular sub-components 1010 therein,such as those shown in FIG. 27, which includes: the generator stator235; the movement mechanisms 350/355 (e.g., the conical roller platforms353/358); and electrical communications mechanisms 375 (e.g., the slipring 375). Preferably each of these sub-components 1010 has a formfactor of three in that the number of segments 1011 in each is a factorof three. A pre-loaded arrangement of these sub-components 1010 willomit the straddle segments 1011B at the circumferential ends of eachsub-component, leaving half-segment spaces at both circumferential endsof each sub-component 1010 for subsequent insertion of the straddlesegments 1011B after assembly of a complete turbine unit 200. If notpre-loaded, then the standard segments 1011A for these sub-components1010 may be inserted on the carousel-carrier segment 301 prior tojoining a carousel-hub segment 501 thereto.

The standard movement mechanisms segments 354/359 (e.g., conical rollerplatform segments 354/359) may be inserted on the carousel-carriersegment 301 by positioning and securing these segments at the top andbottom annular surfaces 346/347 of the peripheral channel 345 atappropriate positions for aligning and coupling circumferential edges ofadjacent segments 354/359 so as to releasably fasten the segments354/359 to one another. Insertion of the movement mechanisms segments354/359 is also made at appropriate positions to align the movementmechanisms segments 354/359 (e.g., the conical rollers 350/355) forengaging the circular tracks 515/516 of a carousel-hub 500.

The standard electrical communications segments 376 (e.g., slip ringsegments 376) may be inserted on the carousel-carrier segment 301 bypositioning and securing these segments at the intermediate annularsurface 348 of the peripheral channel 345 at appropriate positions foraligning and coupling circumferential edges of adjacent segments 376 soas to releasably fasten the segments 376 to one another. Insertion ofthe electrical communications segments 376 is also made at appropriatepositions to connect the electrical communications segments 376 with theelectrical branch line 930 in the carousel-carrier segment 301; and toalign the electrical communications segments 376 for engagement withelectrical communications mechanisms 530 (e.g., slip ring brushes 530)in a carousel-hub 500.

The standard stator segments 236 may be inserted on the carousel-carriersegment 301 by inserting these segments into the stator housing 240. Asshown in FIG. 29, insertion of the stator segments 236 into the statorhousing 240 will include aligning and connecting electricalcommunications mechanisms 241 in the stator housing 240 with electricalcommunications mechanisms 237 on the stator segments 236, and couplingcircumferential edges of adjacent stator segments 236 so as toreleasably fasten the stator segments 236 to one another within thestator housing 240. Insertion of the stator segments 236 in the statorhousing 240 will position the stator segments 236 to face rotor segments261 in a carousel-hub 500. Advantageously, because insertion of thestator segments 236 is achieved merely by alignment and engagement ofelectrical connections within the stator housing 240, the modular stator235 within the carousel-carrier 300 may at any time be converted betweenan AC generator stator and a DC generator stator by simply replacingeach of the individual stator segments 236. In particular, as shown inFIG. 29, each stator segment 236 will come pre-wired with the inductioncoils arranged in either an AC configuration or a DC configuration, andwith an electrical connection that is readily receivable by a matingelectrical connection within the stator housing 240. In this way, ifwishing to convert a turbine unit 200 between DC electrical powergeneration and AC electrical power generation, all that is required isthe removal and replacement of each DC stator segment with an AC statorsegment—an AC to DC conversion may also be achieved in the same fashion.In this way, an entire turbine unit 200 may be selectively convertedbetween AC and DC operations by simply replacing the individual statorsegments 236 via the internal passageways of the turbine system 1 whilethe turbine unit 200 remains mounted on the mast 100. This is ofconsiderable advantage, as in conventional turbine systems such aconversion would require removal and replacement of the entire turbineunit, which would incur significant expenses and down time for theturbine system.

When inserting segments 1011 of circular sub-components 1010 of thecarousel-carrier 300 into a non-pre-loaded carousel-carrier segment 301,only the standard segments 1011A may be inserted prior to assembly ofthe whole turbine unit 200. The straddle segments 1011B of each circularsub-component are omitted from insertion during assembly of theindividual turbine segments 201, and care is taken, if inserting thestandard segments 1011A during assembly of the individual turbinesegments 201, to leave half-segment spaces at both circumferential endsof each circular sub-component 1010 for the subsequent insertion of thecorresponding straddle segments 1011B upon assembly of the whole turbineunit 200. Optionally, all segments 1011 of the circular sub-components1010 of the carousel-carrier 300, including the standard and straddlesegments 1011A/1011B, may be inserted after the individual turbinesegments 201 are joined to yield an assembled turbine unit 200.

The carousel-hub 500 is also a modular component composed of multiplearc-shaped circumferential segments 501, with each carousel-hub segment501 including a portion of: the circular vertical channel 505 at theradial center of the carousel-hub 500, the upper and lower compartments535A/535B, and the intermediate section 540—as well as a division ofsubsystems and mechanisms therein. Preferably, the modular design of thecarousel-hub 500 has a form factor of three in that the number ofcarousel-hub segments 501 is a factor of three.

A carousel-hub segment 501 may come pre-loaded with the standardsegments 1011A for each of the circular sub-components 1010 therein,such as those shown in FIG. 28, which includes: the generator rotor 260;the circular tracks 515/516 at the top and bottom annular surfaces; thecircular tracks 517 at the intermediate annular surface; the carouselrotation mechanisms 520 (e.g., the crown gear 520); and brakingmechanisms 525 (e.g., the annular brake rotor 525). Preferably each ofthese sub-components 1010 has a form factor of three in that the numberof segments 1011 in each is a factor of three. A pre-loaded arrangementof these sub-components 1010 will omit the straddle segments 1011B atthe circumferential ends of each sub-component 1010, leavinghalf-segment spaces at both circumferential ends of each sub-component1010 for subsequent insertion of the straddle segments 1011B. If notpre-loaded, then the standard segments 1011A for these sub-components1010 may be inserted on the carousel-hub segment 501 prior to joiningthe carousel-hub segment 501 to a carousel-carrier segment 301.

The standard circular roller track segments 511/512 may be inserted onthe carousel-hub segment 501 by positioning and securing these segmentsat the top and bottom annular surfaces 506/507 of the compartments535A/535B at appropriate positions for aligning and couplingcircumferential edges of adjacent track segments 511/512 so as toreleasably fasten the track segments 511/512 to one another. Insertionof the track segments 511/512 is also made at appropriate positions toalign the track segments 511/512 for engagement by the movementmechanisms 350/355 (e.g., the conical rollers 350/355 in conical rollerplatforms 353/358) of a carousel-carrier 300.

The standard circular roller track segments 513 may be inserted on thecarousel-hub segment 501 by positioning and securing these segments atan intermediate annular surface 508 of the vertical channel 505 atappropriate positions for aligning and coupling circumferential edges ofadjacent track segments 513 so as to releasably fasten the tracksegments 513 to one another. Insertion of the track segments 513 is alsomade at appropriate positions to align the track segments 513 forengagement by the movement mechanisms 360 (e.g., the cylindrical rollers360) of a carousel-carrier 300.

The standard carousel rotation mechanisms segments 521 (e.g., the crowngear segments 521) may be inserted on the carousel-hub segment 501 bypositioning and securing these segments at an intermediate annularsurface 508 of the vertical channel 505 at appropriate positions foraligning and coupling circumferential edges of adjacent segments 521 soas to releasably fasten the carousel rotation mechanisms segments 521 toone another. Insertion of the carousel rotation mechanisms segments 521is also made at appropriate positions to align the carousel rotationmechanisms segments 521 for engagement by the carousel rotationmechanism 365 (e.g., the pinion 365) of a carousel-carrier 300.

The standard braking mechanisms segments 526 (e.g., the annular brakerotor segments 526) may be inserted on the carousel-hub segment 501 bypositioning and securing these segments at an intermediate annularsurface 508 of the vertical channel 505 at appropriate positions foraligning and coupling circumferential edges of adjacent brakingmechanisms segments 526 so as to releasably fasten the brakingmechanisms segments 526 to one another. Insertion of the brakingmechanisms segments 526 is also made at appropriate positions to alignthe braking mechanisms segments 526 for engagement by the brakingmechanisms 370 (e.g., the brake calipers 370) of a carousel-carrier 300.

The standard rotor segments 261 may be inserted on the carousel-hubsegment 501 by inserting these segments into the rotor housing 265.Insertion of the rotor segments 261 into the rotor housing 265 willinclude aligning and connecting electrical communications mechanisms inthe rotor housing 265 with electrical communications mechanisms on therotor segments 261, and coupling circumferential edges of adjacent rotorsegments 261 so as to releasably fasten the rotor segments 261 to oneanother within the rotor housing 265. Insertion of the rotor segments261 in the rotor housing 265 will position the rotor segments 261 toface stator segments 236 in a carousel-carrier 300. The electricalconnections of the rotor segments 261 and the rotor housing 265 may besimilar in construction to the electrical connections 237/241 at thestator segments 236 and the stator housing 265. If using a permanentmagnet rotor, there need not be any alignment and engagement ofelectrical communications mechanisms between the rotor segments 261 andthe rotor housing 265.

When inserting segments 1011 of circular sub-components 1010 of thecarousel-hub 500 into a non-pre-loaded carousel-hub segment 501, onlythe standard segments 1011A may be inserted prior to assembly of thewhole turbine unit 200. The straddle segments 1011B of each circularsub-component 1010 are omitted from insertion during assembly of theindividual turbine segments 201, and care is taken, if inserting thestandard segments 1011A during assembly of the individual turbinesegments 201, to leave half-segment spaces at both circumferential endsof each circular sub-component 1010 for the subsequent insertion of thecorresponding straddle segments 1011B upon assembly of the whole turbineunit 200. Optionally, all segments 1011 of the circular sub-components1010 of the carousel-hub 500, including the standard and straddlesegments 1011A/1011B, may be inserted after the individual turbinesegments 201 are joined to yield an assembled turbine unit 200.

A carousel-hub segment 501 is joined to a carousel-carrier segment 301by aligning the portion of the circular vertical channel 505 of thecarousel-hub segment 501 with the radial outer surface of thecarousel-carrier segment 301—which will include aligning and engaging:the circular tracks 515-517 and movement mechanisms 350/355/360; thebraking mechanisms 525/370; and the electrical communications mechanisms530/375.

When assembled on a carousel-carrier segment 301, the carousel-hubsegment 501 is supported principally by the movement mechanisms350/355/360 at the peripheral channel 345 of the carousel-carriersegment 301 engaging the circular tracks 515-517 on the carousel-hubsegment 501. Preferably, the braking mechanisms 370/525 at thecarousel-carrier segment 301 and the carousel-hub segment 501 areengaged while assembly of the turbine segment 201 proceeds, so as tosecure and stabilize the carousel-hub segment 501 on thecarousel-carrier segment 301. Carousel arms 600 are joined to the armsockets 550 on the radial outer surface of the carousel-hub segment 501by mating coupling mechanisms at the proximal ends of the carousel arms600 with coupling mechanisms at the arm socket 550. Preferably, thecoupling mechanisms of the carousel arms 600 and arm sockets 550 is onefacilitating a releasable fastening of the carousel arms 600, such asone wherein the arms 600 are slidably inserted either into or over thearm sockets 550 and releasably bolted in place. The electricalcommunications mechanisms 560/610 of the arm socket 550 and the carouselarm 600 may be engaged simultaneously upon engaging the carousel arm 600to the arm socket 550, or subsequent thereto.

In one example, a blade axle 750 is first secured between the distalends 630A/630B of a pair of upper and lower carousel arms 600A/600B, viainsert through the corresponding axle sockets 635 and engagement withthe respective axle stays 640. Fixation of the upper and lower ends ofthe blade axle 750 with the components in the upper and lower carouselarms 600A/600B may be undertaken from within the passageways 615 of therespective carousel arms 600A/600B. After fixing the upper and lowerarms 600A/600B to opposite ends of a blade axle 750, the completearrangement of the arms 600A/600B and axle 750 are joined, as a unit, tothe carousel-hub segment 501 by joining the proximal ends 605A/605B ofthe carousel arms 600A/600B to the upper and lower arm sockets550A/550B.

In another example, as when the carousel arms 600 are sufficientlypliable to permit flexing of the distal ends 630, both carousel arms600A/600B may first be secured to the carousel-hub segment 501, and theblade axle 750 then inserted into the axle sockets 635 thereafter.Subsequent insertion of the blade axle 750 into the axle sockets 635 maybe achieved by flexing the upper carousel arm 600A to allow forinsertion of the blade axle 750 in both axle sockets, and releasing theupper arm 600A from the flexed state after insertion.

Once a blade axle 750 is secured between corresponding upper and lowercarousel arms 600A/600B, the carousel blade 800 is then mounted on theblade axle 750 by securing the bushing inserts 715 of the upper andlower blade couplers 700 mounted on the blade axle 750 to an innersurface of the axle channel 810 in the foil body 805. The electricalcommunications mechanisms 745/820 of the bushing insert 715 and of thecarousel blade 800 are also engaged at this time. The channel cover 825is then fastened to the foil body 805 to close the axle channel 810 andsecure the blade axle 750 therein, and to complete the aerodynamicprofile of the carousel blade 800.

The joining of a carousel-carrier segment 301, a carousel-hub segment501, a pair of carousel arms 600A/600B and a carousel blade 800 willyield a complete turbine segment 201. Preferably, each turbine segment201 is assembled at a testing facility so that operational tests mayfirst be performed to ensure systems in the assembled turbine segment201 are properly operational, and to facilitate any needed maintenance,prior to deploying the turbine segment 201 to the site of the turbinesystem 1.

Each individual turbine segment 201 for a complete turbine unit 200 maybe assembled at the testing facility according to the foregoing assemblymethods, and subjected to the same operational testing to ensure properoperation. Upon successful testing, the turbine segments 201 are thentransported from the testing facility to the site of the turbine system1.

In addition to testing the individual turbine segments 201 alone, thetesting facility may include systems for testing all of the turbinesegments 201 in an assembled state as a turbine unit 200. For example,the testing facility may include a model mast that simulates a length ofthe mast 100 at the turbine system 1; and the individual turbinesegments 201 may be temporarily assembled around the model mast to yielda fully assembled turbine unit 200. The turbine unit 200 may then betested on the model mast at the testing facility to ensure properoperation—including full rotation of the carousel 400 around thecarousel-carrier 300; and vertical movement of the carousel-carrier 300along a height of the model mast. Upon completing testing, and anyneeded maintenance, the turbine unit 200 is disassembled down to theindividual turbine segments 201 and the individual turbine segments 201are then transported from the testing facility to a storage site or tothe site of the turbine system 1.

A complete turbine unit 200 is assembled by joining the individualturbine segments 201 with one another around the foot of the mast 100 atthe site of the turbine system 1. Joining of the turbine segments 201will include aligning the portion of the polygonal vertical channel 305of each carousel-carrier segment 301 with a corresponding portion of thepolygonal outer surface of the mast 100; and aligning and engaging themovement mechanisms 325 exposed at the vertical channel 305 of thecarousel-carrier segment 301 with the vertical tracks 115 extendingalong the mast 100. Joining of the turbine segments 201 will alsoinclude aligning circumferential coupling mechanisms 399/399 at opposingcircumferential edges of adjacent carousel-carrier segments 301 andreleasably coupling the separate carousel-carrier segments 301 to oneanother; and aligning circumferential coupling mechanisms 599/599 atopposing circumferential edges of adjacent carousel-hub segments 501 andreleasably coupling the separate carousel-hub segments 501 to oneanother.

Once all alignments, engagements, and couplings between the individualcomponents of the turbine segments 201 (and the mast 100) are completed,there is achieved an assembled turbine unit 200. Assembly of a turbineunit 200 in this manner simultaneously results in assembly of a wholecarousel-carrier 300, a whole carousel-hub 500, and a whole carousel400.

Once the turbine unit 200 is assembled, assembly of the circularsub-components 1010 within the turbine unit 200 is competed by insertingthe straddle segments 1011B of each circular sub-component. Insertion ofthe straddle segments 1011B is undertaken by transporting the straddlesegments through a portal at the base-structure 2, through the elevatorshafts, and through the portals in the mast 100 and the turbine unit 200to deliver the straddle segments 1011B to interior rooms of the turbineunit 200 that grant access for insertion of the straddle segments 1011Bto their respective sub-component assemblies. This is done for eachcircular sub-component 1010 having a modular design that includesstraddle segments 1011B.

In some instances, assembly of the individual turbine segments 201 andthe turbine unit 200 as a whole may have been completed without priorinsertion of the standard segments 1011A of the modular segmentedcircular sub-components 1010. In such instances, the standard segments1011A may be inserted into the fully assembled turbine unit 200 in thesame manner as the straddle segments 1011B.

The assembly of a whole turbine unit 200 from individual turbinesegments 201, and the insertion of segments 1011 of modular circularsub-components 1010 (both standard and straddle segments 1011A/1011B),around a model mast at the test facility is undertaken in the samemanner as the forgoing assembly methods relative to the mast 100 at thesite of turbine system 1. However, upon completing testing andmaintenance of the turbine unit 200 on the model mast at the testfacility, disassembly of the turbine unit 200 down to the individualturbine segments 201 requires removal of at least the straddle segments1011B from their inserted positions. However, the straddle segments1011B may be stowed within interior rooms of the turbine segments 201 toawait reinsertion upon rejoining the turbine segments 201 at the mast100 of the turbine system 1, without then requiring transport throughthe entire turbine system 1.

In some examples, transportation of the components for assembling theturbine unit 200 might be further facilitated by breaking down a testedturbine unit 200 to the separate components that make up the turbinesegments 201. For example, if wishing to transport the components asindividually smaller units, a tested turbine unit 200 may bedisassembled down to: the individual carousel-carrier segments 301; theindividual carousel-hub segments 501; the individual carousel arms600A/600B; the individual blade couplers 700A/700B; the individual bladeaxles 750; and the individual carousel blades 800 (with foil body 805and channel cover 810). The individual components may then be separatelytransported to the site of the turbine system 1, and reassembled to forma complete turbine unit 200 at the foot of the mast 100. Disassembly ofa tested turbine unit 200 down to its individual components (such as theforegoing) may also prove helpful in pre-testing and storing componentsegments for later delivery on an as-needed basis in the event that acomponent or component segment previously deployed at a turbine system 1fails and is in need of replacement by one or more pre-tested componentsegments.

The circumferential coupling mechanisms 399/599 along circumferentialedges of the carousel-carrier segments 301 and carousel-hub segments501, for coupling the segments to form both an assembledcarousel-carrier 300 and an assembled carousel 400 (and thus anassembled turbine unit 200) preferably enable a simplified assemblymethod of sliding the individual turbine segments 201 into position andreleasably fastening the segments together.

One example of a suitable circumferential coupling mechanisms 399/599 isa number of flanges along the walls of the interior rooms and/or alongthe exterior hulls of the carousel-carrier 300 and the carousel-hub 500,with horizontal bores formed in the flanges—the horizontal bores beingpositioned for alignment and reception of bolts therein. With suchcircumferential coupling mechanisms 399/599 adjacent circumferentialsegments may be coupled to one another by simply positioning thesegments side by side, with alignment of the horizontal bores onadjacent segments, and insertion and securement of bolts in alignedpairs of bores.

The use of such circumferential coupling mechanisms 399/599 as theforegoing enables coupling of adjacent circumferential segments withoutoverlapping any portion of the adjacent circumferential segments in theradial direction. Such a coupling arrangement permits insertion andengagement, as well as disengagement and removal, of an individualcircumferential segment without requiring an adjustment in the positionof the adjacent circumferential segments.

Assembly of the turbine unit 200 is completed once the individualturbine segments 201 are joined to one another at the foot of the mast100. Once so assembled, winch cables 151 from the winches at the mastroof 110 may be secured to the winch coupling mechanisms 380 at the topsurface of the carousel-carrier 300 and the turbine unit 200 may beraised along the mast 100.

As each turbine unit 200 is independently operable to generateelectrical power, the turbine system 1 may include only one turbine unit200 positioned along the mast 100. However, additional turbine units 200may be added to the mast 100 as desired. FIGS. 36A-37B show examples ofthe turbine system 1 with one, two, three and four turbine units 200.

The addition of further turbine units 200 to the mast 100 may proceedaccording to the same assembly methods as that for the first turbineunit 200, once the first turbine unit 200 is moved upward along the mast100 from the lower assembly region.

Turbine Operation

An assembled turbine unit 200 is moved along the mast 100 by the winches150 at the mast roof 110 that are connected to the winch couplingmechanisms 380 at the upper surface of the carousel-carrier 300 by winchcables 151. Cooperation of the movement mechanisms 325 at the verticalchannel 305 of the carousel-carrier 300 and the vertical tracks 115 atthe mast 100 facilitates movement of the turbine unit 200 along the mast100 upon operation of the winches 150. The corresponding polygonalshapes of the mast 100 and the vertical channel 305 in thecarousel-carrier 300 further promote a stable linear movement of theturbine unit 200 along the mast 100 by inhibiting rotation around themast 100.

As a further measure to facilitate stable movement of the turbine unit200, the braking mechanisms 370/525 between the carousel-carrier 300 andthe carousel-hub 500 may remain engaged during vertical movements of theturbine unit 200 so as to prevent rotation of the carousel 400 aroundthe carousel-carrier 300, and prevent occurrence of the associatedstresses that result from such rotation.

An assembled turbine unit 200 may be placed into electrical powergenerating operation by moving the turbine unit 200 vertically along themast 100 and placing it at a parked position. There may be a number ofparked positions along the mast 100, and the number of parked positionsmay exceed the number of turbine units 200—such that turbine units 200may be selectively moved to preferred parked positions based on currentand/or projected weather patterns.

Parked positions along the mast 100 are defined by the placement of theload supporting mechanisms 125, the electrical communications mechanisms130, and the portals 120 along the mast 100—each of which are positionedfor alignment and engagement, respectively, with the load supportingmechanisms 310, electrical communications mechanisms 315, and portals320 arranged along the radial inner surface of the vertical channel 305extending through the carousel-carrier 300.

Upon movement of the turbine unit 200 to a parked position, the loadsupport mechanisms 125/310 may first be engaged to secure thecarousel-carrier 300 and fix it against vertical motion along the mast100 and enable the load supporting mechanisms 125/310 to relieve some orall of the load borne by the winches 150 at the mast roof 110. Theelectrical communications mechanisms 130/315 may then be engaged toestablish an electrical communication between an electrical network inthe mast 100 and electrical systems in the carousel-carrier 300 (and theturbine unit 200 as a whole). In some examples of the turbine system 1,when the electrical communications mechanisms 130/315 are integral withthe load supporting mechanisms 125/310, the two may be engagedsimultaneously with one another.

Upon engaging the load supporting mechanisms 125/310 and electricalcommunications mechanisms 130/315, the turbine unit 200 is operationallysecured at the parked position, and may then be placed into anelectrical power generating operation by rotation of the carousel 400 onthe carousel-carrier 300.

Rotation of the carousel 400 first requires disengaging the brakingmechanisms 370/525 between the carousel-carrier 300 and the carousel-hub500 such that the carousel 400 is made free to rotate. In someinstances, as in the presence of strong winds, disengagement of thebraking mechanisms 370/525 may yield rotation of the carousel 400 underjust the influence of a torque force generated by the wind flow over thesurface of the carousel blades 800. Such an initiation of carouselrotation is facilitated by operation of the rotatable carousel blades800 by the aerodynamics command system. In particular, rotationalcontrol of the rotatable carousel blades 800 allows for rotation of theblades to an appropriate angle relative to the direction of wind flow soas to achieve a preferred angle of attack that may generate a sufficienttorque force to overcome the frictional forces between the movementmechanisms 350/355/360 at the carousel-carrier 300 and the carousel-hub500—thereby initiating rotation of the carousel 400. In this way,carousel rotation at the turbine unit 200 may be self-starting viatorque from wind flow alone.

As a back-up, as in instances where frictional forces between themovement mechanisms 350/355/360 at the carousel-carrier 300 and thecarousel-hub 500 might be abnormally high, initiation of carousel 400rotation may be achieved by operation of the carousel rotation systemhoused in the carousel-carrier 300 and communicating with thecarousel-hub 500. In one example, the carousel rotation system mayinclude a motor, a gearbox and a pinion 365 that engages and disengagesa receiving gear 520 arranged on the inner circumference of thecarousel-hub 500 to generate a torque between the carousel-carrier 300and the carousel-hub 500. Such an initiation of carousel rotation at theturbine unit 200 remains self-starting, though via the local carouselrotation system.

Upon initiating carousel rotation, the carousel arms 600 and carouselblades 800 will revolve in an orbit around the vertical axis of the mast100. While revolving around the mast 100, a wind flow will act on thecarousel blades 800 to generate a torque force that further promotesrotation of the carousel 400.

With the direct drive configuration of the turbine system 1, rotation ofthe carousel 400 around the mast 100 is translated one-to-one to arotation of the generator rotor 260 in the carousel-hub 500 around thegenerator stator 235 in the carousel-carrier 300. Rotation of themagnetized rotor 260 around the stationary stator 235 induces a movingmagnetic field in the stator 235, which induces an electrical current inthe induction coils wrapped on the stator 235. It is in this manner thatrotation of a carousel 400 in a turbine unit 200 generates direct driveelectrical energy.

While the turbine unit 200 may use fixed carousel blades 800, the use ofrotatable carousel blades 800 is preferred. In particular, while a fixedcarousel blade may generate a sufficient torque to rotate the carousel400 (and generate electrical power), the angle of attack of the windrelative to the airfoil shape of a fixed blade changes as the bladerevolves around the mast 100. As a result, a fixed blade is not able tomaintain an optimum angle of attack relative to a wind flow, thusfailing to realize an optimum power conversion and presenting energyfluctuations that may prove problematic in operation of the turbinesystem 1.

The use of rotatable carousel blades 800 may address the problemsexperienced with fixed blades. In particular, a rotatable carousel blade800 may be controlled to rotate the foil body 805 around the blade axle750 so as to orient the carousel blade 800 relative to oncoming wind toachieve a preferred angle of attack and maximize the torque produced bythe blade 800. In the turbine system 1, the aerodynamic command systemenables controlled rotation of the carousel blades 800 continuouslywhile the blades revolve around the mast 100. In this way, the rotatablecarousel blade 800 may be controlled to more reliably maintain anoptimum angle of attack to the wind flow as it revolves around the mast100 to better optimize power conversion and maintain more constant powergeneration levels that will also lessen the potential problemsassociated with energy fluctuations. The aerodynamic command system mayalso rotate the carousel blades 800 to help prevent damage to theturbine system 1 by rotating the blades to present an angle of attackthat reduces the torque produced by the blades in instances of excessivewind flow speeds. The carousel blades 800 may be operated in this mannerto act as aerodynamic brakes to reduce the rotation speed of thecarousel 400 and possibly facilitate a stop in the rotation of thecarousel 400.

A turbine unit 200 may be placed into a non-operational condition bybraking the carousel 400 against rotation around the carousel-carrier300. Such a non-operational condition may be employed to halt operationof the turbine unit 200 either to reduce energy generation or to securethe turbine unit 200 during severe weather conditions. In extremeweather conditions (e.g., hurricane level winds), each turbine unit 200may be placed in a non-operational condition, by disengaging them fromelevated parked positions (where electrical generation operations areperformed) and moving them to lower parked positions at a lower end ofthe mast 100, where they may be stowed in non-operational states.

The non-operational condition may also be employed to permit personnelto safely access the turbine unit 200, via the elevator shafts135A/135B/135C and the aligned portals 120/320 at the parked position,for maintenance and/or repairs. Access to the turbine unit 200 may belimited (e.g., to just the carousel-carrier 300) or all togetherprevented (e.g., no access beyond an elevator shaft 135) when theturbine unit 200 is operational (e.g., when the carousel-hub 500 isrotating to generate electrical power at the generator 230). Whenallowing personnel access to the turbine unit 200, the electricalcommunications mechanisms may provide electrical power to personnelsupport systems within the turbine unit 200 (e.g., lighting, HVAC,etc.).

FIGS. 31-35 show examples of floor plans for a fully accessible parkedturbine unit 200. In particular, a turbine unit 200 may be placed in afully accessible parked position by moving and locking the carousel-hub500 at a position aligning a portal 510 at the vertical channel 505 ofthe carousel-hub 500 with a portal 395 at the peripheral channel 345 ofthe carousel-carrier 300. The carousel-hub 500 may be placed in theappropriate position relative to the carousel-carrier 300 by operatingthe carousel rotation system to rotate the carousel-hub 500 (and thecarousel 400 as a whole) to align the portals 395/510 and then engagingthe braking mechanisms 370/525 to secure the carousel-hub 500 at thealigned position.

Placing a turbine unit 200 in an alignment such that in FIG. 31 willresult in the unit having floor plans such as those shown in FIGS. 32-35and will permit personnel to access every interior room 331-334,536-537, 615 of the turbine unit 200 via the elevator shafts135A/135B/135C. In particular, each carousel-carrier segment 301 mayinclude at least one portal 320 at the vertical channel 305 that alignswith at least one portal 120 at the mast 100, such that an elevatorshaft 135 in the mast 100 may communicate with the interior rooms331-334 of the carousel-carrier 300 via the aligned portals 120/320.Also, each carousel-carrier segment 301 may include at least one portal395 at the peripheral channel 345 that aligns with at least one portal510 at the vertical channel 505 of a corresponding carousel-hub segment501, such that at least some of the interior rooms 331-334 in thecarousel-carrier 300 may communicate with some or all of the interiorrooms 536-537 of the carousel-hub 500 via the aligned portals 395/510.Also, each carousel-hub segment 501 may include at least one portal 555at an arm socket 550 (upper and/or lower) that opens to the carousel arm600 coupled to the arm socket 550, such that at least some of theinterior rooms 536-537 in the carousel-hub 500 may communicate with thepassageway 615 through the carousel arm 600 via the portal 555 at thearm socket 550.

An access control system may control accessibility to all portals at themast 100 and in the turbine unit 200. In particular, an access controlsystem may determine whether a portal is safe for passage, and mayoperate to secure a closure at that portal to prevent passagetherethrough when it is determined there is a safety concern associatedwith passage through that portal. In this way, the access control systemmay permit access through portals 120 along the mast 100 only when it isdetermined there is a carousel-carrier 300 properly aligned at the otherside of the particular portal 120. When a carousel-carrier 300 is notpresent (or not properly aligned) at a particular portal 120, the accesscontrol system will maintain a closure at that portal 120 in a securedposition to prevent personnel from passing therethrough. In one example,the access control system may simply prevent an elevator 136 in theelevator shaft 135 from stopping at any portal 120 that is not deemedsafe for access.

In a similar manner, the access control system may permit access throughportals 395 at the peripheral channel 345 of the carousel-carrier 300only when it is determined the carousel-hub 500 is braked againstrotation with a properly aligned portal 510. When the carousel-hub 500is not properly aligned (or not braked), the access control system willmaintain a closure at that portal 395 in a secured position to preventpersonnel from passing therethrough. In one example, the access controlsystem may deny entry into the carousel-carrier 300 of a turbine unit200 that is determined to have an unaligned (or unbraked) carousel-hub500. In another example, the access control system may prevent anelevator 136 in the elevator shaft 135 from stopping at any portal 120where there is parked a turbine unit 200 that is deemed to have anunaligned (or unbraked) carousel-hub 500.

As the carousel arms 600 do not move relative to the arm sockets 550,the access control system will normally permit access to the portal 555at the arm socket 550 by default. However, the access control system maydeny access to a portal 555 at an arm socket 550 if there is deemed asafety issue with passing into the particular carousel arm 600. Forexample, the access control system may secure closures at any portal inthe turbine system 1 when there is detected a safety concern such asfire, smoke, and/or a breach in the exterior hull of a turbine unit 200or turbine component (e.g., carousel arm 600; carousel-hub 500; etc.).The access control system may also secure closures at portals to theinterior rooms housing the stator 235 and the rotor 260 if there isdeemed any irregularities in the electrical state of those componentsthat may pose a safety concern.

The access control system may be a centralized system located at themast base 105 (or base-structure 2); and/or each carousel-carrier 300may house a localized access control system that may act independentlyfor that turbine unit 200 and/or supplement the operations of thecentralized access control system. The access control system may alsocontrol access to any external portals at outer surfaces of thecarousel-carrier 300, the carousel-hub 500, and the carousel arms 600—aswell as access to any portals at the mast roof 110.

As shown in FIGS. 36A-37B, the turbine system 1 may include multipleturbine units 200 positioned along a common mast 100. The addition ofone or more subsequent turbine units 200 to the mast 100 may proceedaccording to the same assembly methods as that for the first turbineunit 200, once the first turbine unit 200 is moved upward along the mast100 from the assembly position at the foot of the mast 100.

Advantageously, the independent nature of the turbine units 200 allowsfor upgrading of older turbine systems 1 previously deployed andoperated (e.g., for months or years) by the addition of one or moreadditional turbine units 200—or by the replacement of one or moreturbine units 200 previously deployed on the mast 100.

When employing winches 150 at the mast roof 110 for raising and loweringturbine units 200 along the mast 100, attachment of a second orsubsequent turbine unit 200 below a first higher elevated turbine unit200 may be achieved by the use of winch channels 385 extending throughthe turbine units 200 (e.g., through the carousel-carrier 300components).

FIGS. 38-40 show one example of a turbine system 1 with multiple turbineunits 200 that are raised and lowered by winch cables 151 from winches150 at the mast roof 110. In that example, the carousel-carrier 300 ofeach turbine unit 200 includes a number of winch channels 385 extendingvertically through the carousel-carrier 300, from the top surface to thebottom surface. When connecting a second turbine unit 200, additionalwinch cables 151 are lowered from the winches 150 at the mast roof 110and fed through the winch channels 385 in the first turbine unit 200,and coupled to the winch coupling mechanisms 380 on the top surface ofthe second turbine unit 200. Similarly, if connecting a third turbineunit 200, further winch cables 151 are lowered from the winches 150 atthe mast roof 110 and feed through winch channels 385 in both the firstand second turbine units 200, and coupled to the winch couplingmechanisms 380 at the top surface of the third turbine unit 200. Theaddition of a fourth or further turbine unit 200 proceeds in a similarfashion.

Rotation of a carousel 400 in a turbine unit 200 mounted to the mast 100confers torsional stresses and moments to the mast 100. The addition offurther carousels 400 rotating in further turbine units 200 presents arisk of increased torsional stresses and moments. The cumulative effectof torsional stresses and moments from multiple rotating carousels 400may cause the integrity of the turbine system 1 to degrade at a fasterrate than if there were only one rotating carousel 400; and, if leftunchecked, could yield failures in the mast 100.

In the turbine system 1, the cumulative effect of multiple rotatingcarousels 400 is addressed by controlling adjacent carousels 400 torotate in opposite directions relative to one another. In this way, thetorsional stresses and moments generated by one rotating carousel 400may be offset by the torsional stresses and moments generated by anadjacent rotating carousel 400, thereby minimizing the cumulativetorsional stresses and moments to the mast 100. Though not being boundby theory, it is considered that in some circumstances operating theturbine system 1 with the carousels 400 on adjacent turbine units 200rotating in opposite directions may theoretically result in lessercumulative torsional stresses and moments to the mast 100 than wouldresult from the operation of a single turbine unit 200 with a singlerotating carousel 400 due to the cancellation of oppositely orientedtorsional stresses and moments.

In the turbine system 1, carousels 400 of adjacent turbine units 200 maybe made to rotate in opposite directions by controlling the carouselblades 800 on the adjacent carousels 400 to have opposing angles ofattack relative to the oncoming wind flow. For example, as shown in FIG.41, the carousel blades 800 on a first turbine unit 200 may becontrolled such that the leading edges 850 are oriented in a firstdirection, while the carousel blades 800 on a second adjacent turbineunit 200 are controlled such that the leading edges 850 are oriented ina second opposing direction. The reverse rotation of adjacent carouselsmay be further promoted by providing adjacent carousels 400 withasymmetric carousel blades 800 mounted with inverted orientations. Forexample, as also shown in FIG. 41, a first turbine unit 200 may haveasymmetric blades 800 that are mounted such that the “higher pressuresurface” 865 faces radially inward of the blade orbit (i.e., towards themast 100) when a trailing-to-leading edge vector 860 of the blade isoriented substantially in a counterclockwise direction, while a secondadjacent turbine unit 200 may have asymmetric blades 800 that aremounted such that the “higher pressure surface” 865 faces radiallyinward of the blade orbit when a trailing-to-leading edge vector 860 ofthe blade is oriented substantially in a clockwise direction.

Upon initiating rotation of adjacent carousels 400 in oppositedirections, the aerodynamic command systems of the turbine units 200 maybe employed to constantly rotate the carousel blades 800 of therespective turbine units 200 to achieve angles of attack relative to thewind flow that will not only maximize the torque forces but alsomaintain the opposite rotation directions of the respective carousels400.

In addition to rotating carousels 400 on adjacent turbine units 200 inopposite directions, the turbine system 1 may enhance the counter-activeeffect of such a counter rotation operation by locking the adjacentturbine units 200 to one another by the vertical interlocking mechanisms390 at the top and bottom surfaces of the adjacent turbine units 200(e.g., at the carousel-carrier 300 components).

In the example of FIG. 42, the vertical interlocking mechanisms 390include a number of cavities 391 in the top and/or bottom surfaces ofeach carousel-carrier 300 and a corresponding number of vertical beams392 in the top and/or bottom surfaces of each carousel-carrier 300. Assuch, vertical beams 392 in a carousel-carrier 300 may be extended forinsertion into cavities 391 in an opposing surface of another adjacentcarousel-carrier 300.

Normally torsional stresses and moments generated at a carousel-carrier300 will be transmitted to the mast 100, via the mating of the verticalchannel 305 of the carousel-carrier 300 and the outer surface of themast 100 and the mating of the load supporting mechanisms 125/310. Bymating the vertical interlocking mechanisms 390 on two adjacentcarousel-carriers 300, the torsional stresses and moments transmittedthrough the two carousel-carriers 300 will then be divided betweentransmission to the mast 100 and transmission to the adjacentcarousel-carrier (which is locked by the vertical interlockingmechanisms 390). However, because the carousels 400 on the adjacentcarousel-carriers 300 are rotating in opposite directions, the torsionalstresses and moments of the two carousel-carriers 300 will have oppositeorientations and will counteract one another at the verticalinterlocking mechanisms 390 to reduce the cumulative effect on the mast100.

Turbine System Operation

The power distribution, power storage, and ancillary power supportsystems housed in the mast base 105 and/or base-structure 2 may includeat least two redundant independent and coupled or cross-linked controlsystems. Such control systems arbitrate control among themselves, and atleast one control system at the wind farm control center; and providefor overall operational control of the turbine system, while systems ata wind farm control center provide redundancy for the turbine system 1in issuing shutdown orders in the case of abnormal conditions, as wellas balancing the overall output of the entire wind farm.

Operational control of the turbine system 1 is facilitated by aplurality of redundant sensors throughout selected components of theturbine system 1, including micro miniaturized embedded sensors in allcritical components. Redundancy is further provided by alternate pathsbetween the redundant sensors and each of the control systems at themast base 105. There are at least two redundant control and data pathslinking the control systems at the mast base 105 with the wind farmcontrol system for both normal and abnormal operations.

Control and data between the mast base 105 and the wind farm controlsystem may be transmitted by one or more fiber-optic encrypted links;satellite encrypted RF links; cellular encrypted RF links; other highfrequency encrypted RF links. Communications between the mast base 105and the wind farm control system may incorporate three-levelauthentication adaptive encrypted protocols, with the protocols used forinternal and external communications.

The turbine system 1 may also incorporate redundant onboard A/I enhancedcomputer systems that integrate, in real-time, data acquisition from allsensors and data feeds including the weather station 160 at the mastroof 110 and external data sent by the wind farm control center. Theredundant computer systems process the input data and generate commandsto control the turbine system 1 to optimize its management, operation,and performance. In some examples, the rules for the A/I enhancedcomputer systems may be dynamically changed as the turbine system 1matures based on experience in prior operations and/or changes inoperational regulations including operational limits.

The turbine system 1 may also incorporate software with A/I capabilitiesfor controlling the stepper motors of each pair of carousel arms 600 ina manner that facilitates adjustments to rotational controls ofindividual stepper motors for factoring the proximate weather conditionsaffecting the respective carousel blade 800 in order to optimize theperformance and operation of the respective turbine unit 200.

The turbine system 1 may also incorporate adaptive real-time feedbackfrom the sensors and the weather station 160, and other data from thewind farm control center, to control and optimize power generation andcontrol settings of the turbine system including those for minimizingoffsetting loads and maintaining platform stability in both nominal andoff nominal conditions.

The turbine system 1 may also incorporate, in real-time, environmentaland weather conditions data from the weather station 160 and externaldata sent by the wind farm control center in order to mature theartificial intelligence systems of the turbine system 1 for predictivecontrol during normal, abnormal, and severely abnormal weatherconditions.

The turbine system 1 may also incorporate sensor data for optimizingoperating conditions, both nominal and off nominal, for the purpose ofenhancing overall capability factors by minimizing outages and the needfor unscheduled maintenance; and may incorporate predictive A/I forscheduling maintenance by utilizing the information acquired from allsensors.

The operational systems of the turbine system 1 may incorporate a manualoverride capability, through computer system/optic fiber/RF means and/orvia human physical interaction, that can be used to shut down, andsecure the entire turbine system 1, and configure the turbine system 1for maintenance, as needed.

The turbine systems disclosed herein may yield substantially largerelectrical power generating capacity than that of the largest turbinesin operation today, and to do so with a modular design that includes anumber of electrical generators divided into separate turbine units, andseparate compartments in individual turbine units. The modular designmay also allow for a fractional power generation, over the multipleturbine units, which allows the turbine system to continue generatingpower even though a generation unit may be stopped and awaiting repair.

The splitting of the power conversion and output into independentelectrical generators may also allow the use of individual components ofmuch smaller size and weight over which the loads exerted and stressesincurred may be spread—which is expected to significantly prolong thelifetime of the system as a whole. Also, by spreading the bulk of thesystem over multiple turbine units, the heft of the arms and blades maybe reduced, which is expected to permit the construction of longer armsthat may allow for swept areas substantially larger than those of thelargest horizontal axis wind turbines currently in use.

As the turbine system is constructed with modular components, the systemmay be assembled at the installation site, at the very foot of the mast,thereby facilitating manufacturing, transportation and assembly of thecomplete turbine system. This may allow land-based constructions to beassembled with conventional cranes and construction equipment; andoffshore-based constructions to be assembled with readily availablecommercial seagoing construction craft.

The modular design based on circumferentially segmented assemblies andsubassemblies, and the use of multiple generator systems therein, mayprovide the system with a higher lifetime capacity as the individualsegmented assemblies and subassemblies may be efficiently maintained,serviced and replaced as necessary over an extended lifetime withouthaving to disassemble the entire turbine assembly. As such, this systemmay significantly reduce the costs and risks associated with assemblingand maintaining a turbine system, especially those systems that requiremore frequent maintenance due their operation in and exposure to adverseenvironmental conditions. Also, as the modular components are segmentedwith a form factor of three, the individual turbine units are given anoptimal form factor for segmenting modularly constructed direct drivethree phase generators for wind turbines.

Although the present invention is described with reference to particularembodiments, it will be understood to those skilled in the art that theforegoing disclosure address exemplary embodiments only, and is notlimiting the invention as defined by the appended claims and theirequivalents. Thus, the scope of the invention is not limited to thedisclosed embodiments, and may encompass additional embodimentsembracing various changes and modifications relative to the examplesdisclosed herein without departing from the scope of the invention asdefined in the appended claims.

For example, various mating components such as the electricalcommunications mechanisms, movement mechanisms, load supporting andinterlocking mechanisms; and braking mechanisms may be replaced withother suitable such mechanisms other than the specific examples setforth herein. Also, such mating mechanisms may be reversed between themating components—for example, by switching male/female componentsrelative to the above examples.

In another example, instead of using smooth rollers as the movementmechanisms at the vertical channel of the carousel-carrier, there mayalternatively be used toothed rollers that mate with toothed tracksalong the mast. In such an alternative, the toothed rollers maycommunicate with a ratchet mechanism within the carousel-carrier thatacts as a safety catch to prevent reverse movement of the tooth rollersand unintended sliding of the carousel-carrier along the mast. In someexamples, such toothed rollers may communicate with a motorized systemand be the principal movement mechanism for the carousel-carrier (andthe turbine unit as a whole), thereby foregoing the need for a separatewinch system.

While the disclosed methods may be performed by executing all of thedisclosed steps in the precise order disclosed, those skilled in the artwill appreciate the methods may also be performed: with further stepsinterposed between the disclosed steps; with the disclosed stepsperformed in an order other than the exact order disclosed; with one ormore disclosed steps performed simultaneously; and with one or moredisclosed steps omitted.

To the extent necessary to understand or complete the disclosure of thepresent invention, all publications, patents, and patent applicationsmentioned herein are expressly incorporated by reference herein to thesame extent as though each were individually so incorporated. Inaddition, ranges expressed in the disclosure are considered to includethe endpoints of each range, all values in between the end points, andall intermediate ranges subsumed by the end points.

Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to the specificembodiments as illustrated herein, but is instead characterized by theappended claims.

1-22. (canceled)
 23. A wind turbine system comprising: a vertical mastand a turbine unit that is movable along a vertical length of the mast,wherein the mast comprises a first load support mechanism and theturbine unit comprises a second load support mechanism, the first andsecond load support mechanisms configured to engage one another forfixing the turbine unit at a vertical position along the mast, andwherein the first and second load support mechanisms are configured forselectively alternating between an engaged state and a disengaged state,with the turbine unit movable along the vertical length of the mastduring the disengaged state and the turbine unit fixed at a verticalposition of the mast during the engaged state.
 24. The wind turbinesystem according to claim 23, wherein one of the first and second loadsupport mechanisms is configured as a supporting beam movable in ahorizontal direction, and the other of the first and second load supportmechanisms is configured as a cavity for insertion of the supportingbeam, and the first and second load support mechanisms are configured toengage upon a horizontal movement to insert the supporting beam into thecavity, and the first and second load support mechanisms are configuredto disengage upon a horizontal movement to remove the support beam fromthe cavity.
 25. The wind turbine system according to claim 23, whereinthe mast comprises a plurality of first load support mechanisms locatedat different vertical positions along the length of the mast, with eachfirst load support mechanism configured to engage and disengage thesecond load support mechanism of the turbine unit for selectively fixingthe turbine unit at different vertical positions along the mast.
 26. Thewind turbine system according to claim 23, wherein the mast comprises afirst electrical communication mechanism and the turbine unit comprisesa second electrical communication mechanism, the first and secondelectrical communication mechanisms configured to engage one another forestablishing an electrical communication between the mast and theturbine unit, and the first and second electrical communicationmechanisms are configured for selectively alternating between an engagedstate and a disengaged state, with an electrical communicationestablished between the mast and the turbine unit during the engagedstate and electrical communication discontinued between the mast and theturbine unit during the disengaged state.
 27. The wind turbine systemaccording to claim 26, wherein the first electrical communicationmechanism is located at a vertical position along the length of the mastthat corresponds with the vertical position of the first load supportmechanism, and the first and second electrical communication mechanismsare configured for engaging one another to establish an electricalcommunication between the mast and the turbine unit when the turbineunit is fixed at a vertical position along the mast by engagement of thefirst and second load support mechanisms.
 28. The wind turbine systemaccording to claim 26, wherein one of the first and second electricalcommunication mechanisms is configured as an electrical plug that ismovable in a horizontal direction, and the other of the first and secondelectrical communication mechanisms is configured as an electricalsocket for insertion of the electrical plug, and the first and secondelectrical communication mechanisms are configured to engage upon ahorizontal movement to insert the electrical plug into the electricalsocket, and the first and second electrical communication mechanisms areconfigured to disengage upon a horizontal movement to remove theelectrical plug from the electrical socket.
 29. The wind turbine systemaccording to claim 26, wherein the first electrical communicationmechanism is integral with the first load support mechanism, the secondelectrical communication mechanism is integral with the second loadsupport mechanism, and engagement of the first and second load supportmechanisms yields an engagement of the first and second electricalcommunication mechanisms.
 30. The wind turbine system according to claim23, wherein the turbine unit comprises a carousel-carrier and a carouselrotatably supported on the carousel-carrier, one of the carousel-carrierand the carousel comprises one or more rollers, the other of thecarousel-carrier and the carousel comprises one or more a roller tracks,and the one or more rollers are configured to engage the one or moreroller tracks, and the one or more rollers comprise a conical rollermounted on a roller axis that extends radially outward from a centralvertical axis of the turbine unit, with the roller axis oriented at suchan angle relative to a horizontal plane that the outer surface of theconical roller mounted thereon lies substantially flush with a surfaceof a corresponding roller track.
 31. The wind turbine system accordingto claim 30, wherein the carousel-carrier comprises a first rotationmechanism and the carousel comprises a second rotation mechanism, thefirst and second rotation mechanisms configured to engage one anotherfor conferring a rotational drive force to the carousel, and the firstand second rotation mechanisms are configured for selectivelyalternating between an engaged state and a disengaged state, with thecarousel being rotatable by the rotational drive force during theengaged state and the carousel being rotatable by a wind force duringthe disengaged state.
 32. The wind turbine system according to claim 31,wherein one of the first and second rotation mechanisms is configured asa pinion, and the other of the first and second rotation mechanisms isconfigured as a crown gear, and the pinion is configured for selectivelyengaging and disengaging the crown gear.
 33. The wind turbine systemaccording to claim 30, wherein the carousel-carrier comprises a firstbraking mechanism and the carousel comprises a second braking mechanism,the first and second braking mechanisms configured to engage one anotherfor fixing the carousel against rotational movement on thecarousel-carrier, and the first and second braking mechanisms areconfigured for selectively alternating between an engaged state and adisengaged state, with the carousel rotatable on the carousel-carrierduring the disengaged state and the carousel fixed against rotation onthe carousel-carrier during the engaged state.
 34. The wind turbinesystem according to claim 33, wherein one of the first and secondbraking mechanisms is configured as a brake caliper, and the other ofthe first and second braking mechanisms is configured as an annularbrake rotor, and the first and second braking mechanisms are configuredto engage upon a clamping of the annular brake rotor by the brakecaliper, and the first and second braking mechanisms are configured todisengage upon a release of the annular brake rotor by the brakecaliper.
 35. The wind turbine system according to claim 30, wherein thecarousel-carrier comprises a third electrical communication mechanismand the carousel comprises a fourth electrical communication mechanism,the third and fourth electrical communication mechanisms beingconfigured to establish an electrical communication between thecarousel-carrier and the carousel.
 36. The wind turbine system accordingto claim 35, wherein one of the third and fourth electricalcommunication mechanisms is configured as a slip ring, and the other ofthe third and fourth electrical communication mechanisms is configuredas a slip brush for sliding contact with the slip ring to establish arotating electrical joint between the carousel-carrier and the carousel.37. The wind turbine system according to claim 23, wherein the turbineunit comprises a pair of carousel arms extending radially outward fromthe turbine unit, a blade axle extending between the pair of carouselarms, and a carousel blade rotatable about the blade axle, and the windturbine system further comprises an aerodynamic command system thatcontrols a blade rotation system for rotating the carousel blade toadjust the rotational position of the blade based on a determined windflow and a target torque force for generation on the turbine unit. 38.The wind turbine system according to claim 37, wherein the carouselblade is mounted to the blade axle by a blade coupler, and the bladerotation system comprises a stepper motor coupled to an output gear thatengages a mating gear on the blade coupler to deliver a rotational driveforce to the carousel blade.
 39. The wind turbine system according toclaim 38, wherein the blade coupler comprises an outer bearing mountedin a carousel arm, an inner bearing mounted on the blade axle, and abushing insert mounted between the outer bearing and the inner bearing,and the mating gear of the blade rotation system is positioned at afirst section of the bushing insert and the carousel blade is joined toa second section of the busing insert, such that a rotational driveforce delivered to the mating gear rotates the bushing insert and thecarousel blade.
 40. The wind turbine system according to claim 39,wherein the carousel blade is joined to the bushing insert by aself-destructing fastener, with the carousel blade capable of beingjettisoned upon destruction of the fastener, and the wind turbine systemis configured to trigger self-destruction of the fastener based on adetermination that wind forces will create an excess torque force on theturbine unit.
 41. The wind turbine system according to claim 39, whereina carousel arm comprises a fifth electrical communication mechanism andthe blade coupler comprises a sixth electrical communication mechanism,the fifth and sixth electrical communication mechanisms configured toestablish an electrical communication between the carousel arm and theblade coupler.
 42. The wind turbine system according to claim 41,wherein one of the fifth and sixth electrical communication mechanismsis configured as a slip ring, and the other of the fifth and sixthelectrical communication mechanisms is configured as a slip brush forsliding contact with the slip ring to establish a rotating electricaljoint between the carousel arm and the blade coupler.
 43. The windturbine system according to claim 41, wherein the blade couplercomprises a seventh electrical communication mechanism and the carouselblade comprises an eighth electrical communication mechanism, theseventh and eighth electrical communication mechanisms configured toestablish an electrical communication between the blade coupler and thecarousel blade.
 44. The wind turbine system according to claim 43,wherein one of the seventh and eighth electrical communicationmechanisms is configured as an electrical plug, and the other of theseventh and eighth electrical communication mechanisms is configured asan electrical socket for insertion of the electrical plug.
 45. The windturbine system according to claim 23, wherein the turbine unit comprisesa first interlocking mechanism at a top surface of the turbine unit anda second interlocking mechanism at a bottom surface of the turbine unit,and the first and second interlocking mechanisms are of mutuallyengageable configurations such that the first interlocking mechanism ofthe turbine unit is capable of engaging a second interlocking mechanismon a bottom surface of another above-positioned turbine unit and suchthat the second interlocking mechanism of the turbine unit is capable ofengaging a first interlocking mechanism on a top surface of anotherbelow-positioned turbine unit.
 46. The wind turbine system according toclaim 45, wherein one of the first and second interlocking mechanisms isconfigured as a locking beam that is movable in a vertical direction,and the other of the first and second interlocking mechanisms isconfigured as a cavity for insertion of a locking beam, and the firstinterlocking mechanism is configured to secure the turbine unit withanother above-positioned turbine unit upon vertical movement a lockingbeam into a cavity, and the second interlocking mechanism is configuredto secure the turbine unit with another below-positioned the turbineunit upon vertical movement a locking beam into a cavity.
 47. The windturbine system according to claim 45, wherein the wind turbine systemcomprises two turbine units, both turbine units comprising a carouselcarrier and a carousel rotatably supported on the respectivecarousel-carrier, and the wind turbine system is configured, duringoperation of the system, to rotate the carousels of the two turbineunits in opposite directions and to secure the carousel-carriers of thetwo turbine units to one another by engagement of the first interlockingmechanism of the below-positioned turbine unit with the secondinterlocking mechanism of the above-positioned turbine unit such thatforces generated by the opposite rotation of the two carousels at leastpartially cancel one another.